310 research outputs found

    Au lendemain de l’élection présidentielle

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    Texte d'un débat enregistré trois jours après le second tour par Jean Charlot, Alain Lancelot, Guy Michelat et Jean Ranger

    Utilising Bee-Bots to facilitate TPACK designed STEAM activities in Grade 2

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    The study investigated the design of TPACK activities for Grade 2 learners that support the integration of STEAM subjects and develop computational thinking through coding and robotics. Coding and robotics are relatively new subjects that are taught in schools to help learners to be equipped for the 21st century. Teachers face the challenges of not being able to integrate subjects nor being able to incorporate 21st century and digital skills in the classroom. A TPACK conceptual framework was developed as a design tool to observe, evaluate and reflect on lessons which integrate STEAM subjects into a single lesson. An action research approach was used across two cycles including four lessons in order to determine whether STEAM subjects could be integrated in a TPACK designed lesson. These lessons integrated STEAM subjects using Bee-Bots through a play-based and project-based approach. The methodological choice was qualitative as the data gathered was evaluated to determine the meaning and experiences of the participants. The participants included seven learners in Grade 2 in an all-girl private school. The researcher took part in the research as a participatory action research strategy was used. There was an expert reviewer to help ensure the researcher was not biased. Analysis of the four lessons presented indicate that the TPACK conceptual framework was a meaningful design tool. The learners all improved their coding skills and enjoyed working with the Bee-Bots. The study shows that utilising Bee-Bots helped to integrate all STEAM subjects in a TPACK designed lesson presented in Grade 2. Six guidelines were developed to help teachers to create their own lessons. Keywords: Bee-Bots; Coding and Robotics; Computational thinking; STEAM; TPACK; 21st century skills; Digital skills.Dissertation (Med)--University of Pretoria, 2021.Science, Mathematics and Technology EducationMEdUnrestricte

    Environnement matériel et logiciel pour le développement des systèmes intelligents

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    La recherche sur les systèmes intelligents tend à sous-estimer l'importance de la plate-forme matérielle et logicielle sur laquelle est fait le développement. Actuellement, la conception d'un nouveau robot se fait pratiquement toujours à partir de zéro, car il est plus simple de recréer les fonctionnalités des anciens robots que de récupérer les modules qui conviendraient. De la même manière, il arrive qu'un nouveau robot doive être créé simplement parce que l'ancien n'a pas la capacité de supporter les nouvelles composantes, sa capacité d'extensibilité étant trop limitée. Le présent projet cherche à régler de tels problèmes de réutilisabilité, de reconfigurabilité et d'extensibilité, de même qu'à faciliter le développement d'applications en robotique et systèmes intelligents, par la disponibilité d'outils adaptés. La solution proposée et présentée ici est un environnement de développement matériel et logiciel multiprocesseur modulaire, baptisé EME (Environnement Multiprocesseur Embarqué). L'environnement EME est validé au moyen d'une application simple en robotique mobile, soit un robot équipé de deux caméras. Une des caméras est pointée vers ie sol et cherche un tracé à suivre; la seconde est à la recherche d'un signal lumineux par lequel le robot reçoit des directives. Les résultats montrent qu'une telle application aurait été difficile à réaliser à un coût raisonnable sans un tel environnement

    The increased synthesis of inducible nitric oxide inhibits IL-1ra synthesis by human articular chondrocytes: possible role in osteoarthritic cartilage degradation

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    SummaryThe degradation of osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage is likely related to the synthesis and the release of catabolic factors by chondrocytes. Nitric oxide (NO) has recently been suggested as playing a role in cartilage degradation. Since NO production is largely dependent on stimulation by IL-1, its effects on factors regulating the IL-1 biological activity, such as IL-1ra, are of the utmost importance. This study examined and compared the level of NO production by normal and OA cartilage and chondrocytes, as well as studied the effect of IL-1-induced NO production on the synthesis and steady-state mRNA of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra).The NO baseline production by normal cartilage explants was undetectable but inducible by rhIL-1β. OA cartilage spontaneously produced NO. About a two-fold increase in NO production was found in OA rhIL-1β-stimulated (0.5–100 units/ml) cartilage as compared with the similarly stimulated normal cartilage. On chondrocytes rhIL-1β-stimulation (0.5–100 units/ml) produced a dose-dependent enhancement of both NO production and IL-1ra synthesis. Treatment with 200 μm Ng-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMA), a well known NO synthase inhibitor, induced over 70% inhibition of the NO production and a marked increased IL-1ra synthesis (average of 84%) and expression (mRNA level). Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin had no effect on both the NO production or the IL-1ra level.In the present study, we demonstrated the capacity of OA cartilage to produce a larger amount of NO than the normal controls, both in spontaneous and IL-1-stimulated conditions. These data support the notion that, in vivo, OA chondrocytes are stimulated by factors, possibly IL-1, which in turn may induce the expression of NO synthase, thus the synthesis of NO itself. Importantly, our results showed that the elevation of NO production may be an important factor in the pathophysiology of OA since it can reduce IL-1ra synthesis by chondrocytes. As such, an increased level of IL-1, associated with a decreased IL-1ra level, may be responsible for the stimulation of OA chondrocytes by this cytokine, leading to an enhancement of cartilage matrix degradation

    Effect of IL-13 on cytokines, cytokine receptors and inhibitors on human osteoarthritis synovium and synovial fibroblasts

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    AbstractObjective: In this study we investigated the effect of interleukin-13 (IL-13), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, for potential therapeutic use in osteoarthritis (OA).Design: We examined the effect of IL-13 on the synthesis and expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and stromelysin-1 on human OA synovial membrane inex vivocultures. In addition, we explored the effect of IL-13 on both the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) and TNF-receptor (TNF-R) systems on OA synovial fibroblasts. This included determination of the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α receptor binding, IL-1Ra and TNF-soluble receptors 55 and 75 (TNF-sR55 and TNF-sR75).Results: In OA synovial membrane treated with LPS, IL-13 inhibited the synthesis of IL-1β, TNF-α and stromelysin-1, but increased IL-1Ra production. In addition, IL-13 reduced the level of IL-1β mRNA and stimulated the level of IL-1Ra mRNA. In synovial fibroblasts, IL-13 decreased the level of IL-1 binding, an effect related to the increased production of IL-1Ra. Although IL-13 had no effect on the TNF-R level, this cytokine markedly decreased the shedding of TNF-R75.Conclusion: These experiments suggest that IL-13 is potentially useful in the therapeutic treatment of OA, as it could regulate the major pathological process of this disease by reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and metalloproteases, and favoring the production of IL-1Ra

    Modalités et espaces de pratique de loisirs des baby-boomers et des seniors

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    The ageing of the population demands renewed thinking about the development of living environments to enhance the well-being of seniors. Leisure and recreation play a key role in the quality of life if this category of population. As such, the municipal sector is called upon to play an important role on this issue. This article presents the results of a survey conducted in 2015 in Montreal with 464 respondents aged 50 and over. The research demonstrates the importance given by elders to free leisure practices and multifunctional outdoor spaces. The results show more or less marked differences between baby boomers (people aged between 50 and 69) and seniors (people aged 70 and over).Le vieillissement de la population commande de renouveler les façons de penser l’amĂ©nagement des milieux de vie pour renforcer le bien-ĂŞtre des aĂ®nĂ©s, dans lequel le loisir joue un rĂ´le clĂ©. Ă€ ce titre, le milieu municipal est appelĂ© Ă  jouer un rĂ´le important sur cette problĂ©matique. Cet article prĂ©sente les rĂ©sultats d’un sondage menĂ© en 2015 Ă  MontrĂ©al auprès de 464 rĂ©pondants âgĂ©s de 50 ans et plus. Cette recherche dĂ©montre l’importance accordĂ©e par les aĂ®nĂ©s aux pratiques de loisir libres et aux espaces extĂ©rieurs multifonctionnels. Finalement, les rĂ©sultats obtenus rĂ©vèlent certaines diffĂ©rences plus ou moins marquĂ©es entre les baby-boomers (personnes âgĂ©es entre 50 et 69 ans) et les seniors (personnes âgĂ©es de 70 ans et plus)

    Fertilité chimique des sols forestiers : concepts de base

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    Les diagnostics de fertilité chimique en forêt assimilent généralement le sol à un réservoir de nutriments disponibles pour les végétaux, quantifié à un instant donné puis comparé à des normes de nutrition établies par essence. Ce concept hérité de l’agronomie est régulièrement mis en défaut et de nombreux écosystèmes forestiers développés sur sols très pauvres chimiquement (notamment en Ca, Mg, K) affichent une production remarquable. L’objectif de cet article est d’illustrer les limites du concept « fertilité = réservoir sol » et de proposer les bases d’un nouveau concept rendant compte de la spécificité de la fertilité chimique des écosystèmes forestiers. Une base de données regroupant les résultats acquis sur 11 sites expérimentaux depuis les années 1970 a été utilisée. Les résultats démontrent que le concept de fertilité chimique des écosystèmes forestiers ne doit pas se limiter à la seule prise en compte des stocks de nutriments disponibles dans les sols mais doit également intégrer la circulation et le recyclage d’éléments propres aux cycles biogéochimiques
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