Factores determinantes de las exportaciones agrícolas primarias y derivadas del Perú a los Estados Unidos. periodo: 2000-2017

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo establecer los factores determinantes que incidieron en el comportamiento de las exportaciones agrícolas primarias y derivadas del Perú hacia los Estados Unidos, en el periodo 2000-2017, teniendo como base la teoría de la demanda marshalliana aplicada al comercio internacional. Se partió construyendo una nueva clasificación de exportaciones agrícolas de acuerdo a su nivel de transformación o valor agregado, a fin de buscar una alternativa a la actual clasificación que clasifica a las exportaciones en tradicionales y no tradicionales. Para ello, se estimaron tres modelos dinámicos de agroexportaciones del Perú a los Estados Unidos y se realizaron pronósticos para los próximos 16 trimestres. Además, se analizó las exportaciones agroindustriales del Perú a los Estados Unidos de acuerdo a la clasificación de exportaciones propuesta. Los resultados del modelo revelan que las variables proxy: Gasto de Consumo Personal (Personal Consumption Expenditure-PCE) de los Estados Unidos, el Tipo de Cambio Real Bilateral; y el componente autorregresivo influyen en la demanda de las agroexportaciones peruanas (sector industrial, primarias y derivadas) a los Estados Unidos, en el periodo evaluado.The present investigation aims to establish the determining factors that influenced the behavior of primary and derived agricultural exports from Peru to the United States, in the period 2000-2017, based on the theory of Marshallian demand, applied to international trade. It started by building a new classification of agricultural exports according to its level of transformation or added value, in order to find an alternative to the current classification that classifies exports into traditional and non-traditional. For this, three dynamic models of agro-exports from Peru to the United States were estimated and forecasts were made for the next 16 quarters. In addition, the agro-industrial exports from Peru to the United States were analyzed according to the proposed export classification. The results of the model reveal that the proxy variables: Personal Consumption Expenditure-PCE of the United States, the Bilateral Real Exchange Rate; and the autoregressive component influences the demand of Peruvian agro-exports (industrial, primary and derived sectors) to the United States, in the period evaluated.Tesi

Insectos con potencial en el reciclaje de basura orgánica en Panamá

The generation of garbage in Panama, including organic waste, represents a serious impact on public health, without neglecting the considerable environmental effects. This problem requires the realization of enormous efforts to counteract the harmful effects caused. Currently, different conventional alternatives are carried out for the reduction and elimination of the different polluting materials, especially on the use of organic waste. The objective of this article was to identify the main insect species with the potential to be used in the recycling of organic waste in Panama. A compilation of documentation was carried out within the search engines associated with the topic in documentation published from 1992 to 2023 in Spanish and English. Based on this information, a list of the 20 main insect species that can contribute to the recycling of organic waste worldwide was established. Of these insects, there are two that have the greatest potential to be multiplied in Panama, which include the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L. [Diptera: Stratiomyidae]) and the worm flour (Tenebrio molitor L. [Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae]). The use of these insects can contribute at a national level to the processing and recycling of organic waste from restaurants, residences, public markets, and crops in order to transform them into organic fertilizer and protein for human or animal consumption.La generación de basura en Panamá, incluidos los desechos orgánicos, representa un grave impacto sobre la sanidad pública, sin dejar de lado las considerables afectaciones medioambientales. Esta problemática requiere la realización de ingentes esfuerzos para contrarrestar los efectos nocivos causados. Actualmente. Se llevan a cabo diferentes alternativas convencionales para la reducción y eliminación de los diferentes materiales contaminantes, especialmente sobre la utilización de desperdicios orgánicos. El objetivo de este artículo fue identificar las principales especies de insectos con potencial para ser utilizados en el reciclaje de residuos orgánicos en Panamá. Se realizó una compilación de documentación dentro de los motores de búsquedas asociados a la temática en documentación publicada de 1992 a 2023 en idioma español e inglés. A partir de dicha información se estableció un listado de las 20 principales especies de insectos que pueden contribuir al reciclaje de basura orgánica a nivel mundial. De estos insectos, existen dos especies que tienen mayor potencial de ser multiplicadas en Panamá que incluyen la mosca soldado negra (Hermetia illucens L. [Diptera: Stratiomyidae]) y el gusano de la harina (Tenebrio molitor L. [Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae]). La utilización de estos insectos puede contribuir a nivel nacional en el procesamiento y respectivo reciclaje de basura orgánica proveniente de restaurantes, residencias, mercados públicos y de cosechas con el fin de transformarlas en fertilizante orgánico y proteína para consumo humano o animal

Spartocera fusca (Thunberg, 1783) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) asociada a cultivos de papa en Tierras Altas – Chiriquí, Panamá

Family Coreidae (Hemiptera) includes species of importance in urban and agricultural environments. The province of Chiriquí is the main horticultural area in Panama and in potato crops (Solanum tuberosum L., 1753) in Volcán, Tierras Altas district, the presence of stink bugs was found affecting shoots and stems. The objectives of the research were to identify the insect species, update its distribution in the country and recognize host plants in the study area. The locations of Volcán and Cerro Punta, Tierras Altas, were visited, creating a list of potential host plants for the bug. From the affected crop, eight adult specimens were collected (six females and two males) and one female from surrounding vegetation; which were placed in a container with 70% ethanol for laboratory analysis, reviewing internal and external morphological characters. Databases were consulted to update the distribution of the bug in Panama. According to the results, the insect corresponds to Spartocera fusca (Thunberg, 1783) (Hemiptera: Coreidae); In the country it has only been found in Chiriquí, in Boquete, Dolega and Tierras Altas districts. Among the plant species in Tierras Altas with which the insect could interact are Cajanus cajan, Arachis pintoi, Acacia sp., Abutilon sp., Ipomoea batatas, Physalis peruviana, Solanum nigrum, S. tuberosum, S. lycopersicum, S. betaceum, S. quitoense, among others. In conclusion, S. fusca, a potential emerging pest of Solanaceae (especially in Tierras Altas), was identified. In Panama, this species is only reported from Chiriquí.La familia Coreidae (Hemiptera), comprende especies de importancia en ambientes urbanos y agrícolas. La provincia de Chiriquí es la principal zona hortícola en Panamá y en cultivos de papa (Solanum tuberosum L., 1753) en Volcán, distrito de Tierras Altas, se encontró la presencia de chinches afectando brotes y tallos. Los objetivos de la investigación fueron identificar la especie de insecto, actualizar la distribución de la misma en el país y reconocer plantas hospedantes en el área de estudio. Se visitaron las localidades de Volcán y Cerro Punta, Tierras Altas, levantándose un listado de plantas hospedantes potenciales del chinche. Del cultivo afectado, se recolectaron ocho especímenes adultos (seis hembras y dos machos) y de vegetación aledaña una hembra; los cuales fueron colocados en un recipiente con etanol al 70% para su análisis en laboratorio, revisándose caracteres morfológicos internos y externos. Se consultó bases de datos para actualizar la distribución del chinche en Panamá. Según los resultados, el insecto corresponde a Spartocera fusca (Thunberg, 1783) (Hemiptera: Coreidae); en el país solamente se le ha encontrado en Chiriquí, en los distritos de Boquete, Dolega y Tierras Altas. Entre las especies vegetales en Tierras Altas con las cuales podría interactuar el insecto, están Cajanus cajan, Arachis pintoi, Acacia sp., Abutilon sp., Ipomoea batatas, Physalis peruviana, Solanum nigrum, S. tuberosum, S. lycopersicum, S. betaceum, S. quitoense, entre otras. En conclusión, se identificó a S. fusca, plaga emergente potencial de solanáceas (en especial en Tierras Altas). En Panamá, este insecto sólo está reportado para Chiriquí

Estudio de la fluctuación poblacional de Oediopalpa guerini Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) asociada a caña de azúcar en Natá, Coclé

The cultivation of sugarcane is one of the most economically important agro-industrial crops in Panama, and it is affected by primary and secondary insect pests.  The objective of this study was to evaluate three techniques for the capture and population fluctuation of the sugarcane beettle Oediopalpa guerini Baly associated with sugarcane cultivation in Natá, Coclé.  The study area was established within a plot of sugarcane of the E07-06 variety in Natá. Collections were made over 12 months.  Ten sampling points were established consisting of sugarcane areas of 16m² each. Sampling was conducted using three types of sampling techniques (manual collection with plastic bags and capture using two models of recycled PET plastic traps).  The entomological materials collected from the O. guerini species were brought to laboratory conditions.  The population fluctuation of the insects was determined by associating it with precipitation (mm), monthly.  The results indicate that there were statistically significant differences between the treatments (P < 0.05), where manual capture was superior (average capture of 0.225 specimens per sample).  The highest specimen captures occurred during the months of July (6), August (9), and November (10) of 2023, all primarily due to manual captures.  There is a moderate correlation coefficient of 0.6055 indicating a moderate relationship between the presence of the beetle specimens and total monthly precipitation. The conclusions indicate that the most effective technique for capturing adult beetles was manual collection compared to captures with the two types of traps used during the study.  There is a relationship between the presence of beetle populations and the increase in rainfall during the rainy season in a specific area.  This information is key for forecasting potential attacks by this pest on sugarcane.El cultivo de la caña de azúcar constituye uno de los cultivos agroindustriales de mayor importancia económica en Panamá, y que es afectado por plagas insectiles primarias y secundarias.  El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar tres técnicas para la captura y la fluctuación poblacional de raspador de la hoja Oediopalpa guerini Baly asociada al cultivo de caña de azúcar en Natá, Coclé.  El área de estudio se estableció dentro de una parcela de caña de azúcar de la variedad E07-06 en Natá.  Se realizaron colectas durante 12 meses, se establecieron 10 puntos de muestreo que consistieron en áreas de caña de 16m2.  Los muestreos fueron realizados utilizando tres tipos de técnicas de muestreo (colecta manual con bolsas plásticas y captura utilizando dos modelos de trampas de plástico PET recicladas).  Los materiales entomológicos colectados de la especie O. guerini fueron llevados a condiciones de laboratorio.  Se determinó la fluctuación poblacional de los insectos asociándola a la precipitación (mm), con frecuencia mensual.  Los resultados indican que hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tratamientos (P < 0.05), donde la captura manual fue superior (captura promedio de 0.225 especímenes por muestra).  Las mayores capturas de especímenes se dieron durante los meses de julio (6), agosto (9) y noviembre (10) de 2023, todas debidas principalmente a capturas manuales.  Existe un coeficiente de correlación moderada de 0.6055 que indica una relación moderada entre la presencia de los especímenes del raspador de las hojas y la precipitación total mensual.  Las conclusiones indican que la técnica más eficaz para la captura de adultos del raspador fueron las colectas manuales en comparación con las capturas con los dos tipos de trampas utilizadas durante el estudio.  Existe una relación entre la presencia de poblaciones del raspador de las hojas y el incremento de las precipitaciones en la estación lluviosa en una determinada zona.  Esta información es clave para el pronóstico de posibles ataques de esta plaga en caña de azúcar

Vitamin A deficiency impairs the immune response to intranasal vaccination and RSV infection in neonatal calves

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is one of the most prevalent nutrition-related health problems in the world and is a significant risk factor in the development of severe respiratory infections in infants and young children. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is a primary cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young cattle. The calf model of BRSV infection is useful to understand the immune response to human RSV infection. We have previously developed an amphiphilic polyanhydride nanoparticle (NP)-based vaccine (i.e., nanovaccine) encapsulating the fusion and attachment proteins from BRSV (BRSV-NP). Calves receiving a single, intranasal dose of the BRSV-NP vaccine are partially protected from BRSV challenge. Here, we evaluated the impact of VAD on the immune response to the BRSV-NP vaccine and subsequent challenge with BRSV. Our results show that VAD calves are unable to respond to the mucosal BRSV-NP vaccine, are afforded no protection from BRSV challenge and have significant abnormalities in the inflammatory response in the infected lung. We further show that acute BRSV infection negatively impacts serum and liver retinol, rendering even well-nourished individuals susceptible to VAD. Our results support the use of the calf model for elucidating the impact of nutritional status on mucosal immunity and respiratory viral infection in infants and underline the importance of VA in regulating immunity in the respiratory mucosa

Tropidacris cristata (L., 1758) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae): ampliación del rango de distribución en Panamá

Tropidacris cristata (L., 1758) (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Romaleidae), is a species of large grasshopper, present from Mexico to South America. With polyphagous and gregarious habits, under certain conditions it can represent a problem as pest in forest, fruit and horticultural crops. In recent incursions carried out in the eastern and western regions of Panama, large grasshoppers have been found, so the aim of this work was to identify the species to which these insects corresponded and to update the known distribution of the species in Panama. The coordinates where the specimens were found were recorded and they were photographed and collected for preservation using 70% ethanol and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory. To confirm the species, specialized literature was consulted and three entomological collections were reviewed. To update the known distribution of the insect, specialized publications, institutional databases, and collection data from the reviewed collections were consulted. According to the results, in all cases the insect species corresponded to T. cristata; The locations of Burí (Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca), Santa Marta, Cordillera, Cuesta de Piedra, Celmira and Caisán (Chiriquí province) are new records for the western region of Panama; while the distribution in Veraguas province is expanded and it is recorded for the first time in the Guna Yala Comarca. In addition, a consolidated map with the expanded distribution of the insect was prepared. In conclusion, T. cristata has a distribution in almost all the national territory and there are eight new formal reports.Tropidacris cristata (L., 1758) (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Romaleidae), es una especie de saltamontes grande, presente desde México hasta Suramérica. De hábitos polífagos y gregarios, en determinadas condiciones puede representar un problema como plaga en cultivos forestales, frutales y hortícolas. En recientes incursiones realizadas en las regiones oriental y occidental de Panamá, se han encontrado saltamontes de gran tamaño, por lo que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar la especie a la que correspondían estos insectos y actualizar la distribución conocida de la especie para Panamá. Se registraron las coordenadas donde se encontraron los especímenes, los cuales fueron fotografiados y colectados para su preservación mediante etanol al 70% y posteriormente se analizaron en el laboratorio. Se consultó literatura especializada y se revisaron tres colecciones entomológicas para confirmar la especie. Para actualizar la distribución conocida del insecto, se consultaron publicaciones especializadas, bases de datos institucionales y datos de colecta de las colecciones revisadas. De acuerdo con los resultados, en todos los casos la especie de insecto correspondió a T. cristata; siendo las localidades de Burí (Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé), Santa Marta, Cordillera, Cuesta de Piedra, Celmira y Caisán (provinica de Chiriquí), nuevos registros para la región occidental de Panamá; mientras que se amplía la distribución para la provincia de Veraguas y se tiene un nuevo registro en la Comarca Guna Yala. Además, se elaboró un mapa consolidado con la distribución ampliada del insecto. En conclusión, T. cristata tiene distribución en prácticamente todo el territorio nacional y se cuenta con ocho nuevos registros formales

Assessing the safety, impact and effectiveness of RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine following its introduction in three sub-Saharan African countries: methodological approaches and study set-up

Background Following a 30-year development process, RTS,S/AS01E (GSK, Belgium) is the first malaria vaccine to reach Phase IV assessments. The World Health Organization-commissioned Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme (MVIP) is coordinating the delivery of RTS,S/AS01E through routine national immunization programmes in areas of 3 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The first doses were given in the participating MVIP areas in Malawi on 23 April, Ghana on 30 April, and Kenya on 13 September 2019. The countries participating in the MVIP have little or no baseline incidence data on rare diseases, some of which may be associated with immunization, a deficit that could compromise the interpretation of possible adverse events reported following the introduction of a new vaccine in the paediatric population. Further, effects of vaccination on malaria transmission, existing malaria control strategies, and possible vaccine-mediated selective pressure on Plasmodium falciparum variants, could also impact long-term malaria control. To address this data gap and as part of its post-approval commitments, GSK has developed a post-approval plan comprising of 4 complementary Phase IV studies that will evaluate safety, effectiveness and impact of RTS,S/AS01E through active participant follow-up in the context of its real-life implementation. Methods EPI-MAL-002 (NCT02374450) is a pre-implementation safety surveillance study that is establishing the background incidence rates of protocol-defined adverse events of special interest. EPI-MAL-003 (NCT03855995) is an identically designed post-implementation safety and vaccine impact study. EPI-MAL-005 (NCT02251704) is a cross-sectional pre- and post-implementation study to measure malaria transmission intensity and monitor the use of other malaria control interventions in the study areas, and EPI-MAL-010 (EUPAS42948) will evaluate the P. falciparum genetic diversity in the periods before and after vaccine implementation. Conclusion GSK’s post-approval plan has been designed to address important knowledge gaps in RTS,S/AS01E vaccine safety, effectiveness and impact. The studies are currently being conducted in the MVIP areas. Their implementation has provided opportunities and posed challenges linked to conducting large studies in regions where healthcare infrastructure is limited. The results from these studies will support ongoing evaluation of RTS,S/AS01E’s benefit-risk and inform decision-making for its potential wider implementation across sub-Saharan Africa

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe