Predicted average and marginal cost of VMMC programs.

<p>Red square: Average cost. Blue diamond: Marginal cost.</p

Components of unit costs, by country and selected characteristics.

<p>All figures are in percentages except those in the first row, which are in 2012 US$ and PPP-adjusted to the sub-Saharan Africa region.</p

Predicted economies of scale of VMMC programs.

<p>Blue diamond: predicted economies of scale.</p

Descriptive statistics for regression variables by country: Averages and (standard deviations).

<p>All costs are in 2012 US$ and adjusted to the sub-Saharan Africa region using the ratio of the country PPP-adjusted GNI per capita to the region PPP-adjusted GNI per capita.</p

Cost function estimate.

<p>Source: Authors' calculations.</p

Cost drivers of VMMC in Tanzania, 2010–2011.

<p>Cost drivers of VMMC in Tanzania, 2010–2011.</p

VMMCs conducted (2009–2012) and VMMCs required to catch-up and maintain target (2013–2025).

<p>VMMCs conducted (2009–2012) and VMMCs required to catch-up and maintain target (2013–2025).</p

Additional annual cost of scaling up VMMC in Tanzania (2009–2025).

<p>Additional annual cost of scaling up VMMC in Tanzania (2009–2025).</p

Cumulative net costs and cumulative net savings with VMMC scale-up (2010–2025).

<p>Cumulative net costs and cumulative net savings with VMMC scale-up (2010–2025).</p

Annual number of new HIV infections baseline and with VMMC scale-up (2009–2025).

<p>Annual number of new HIV infections baseline and with VMMC scale-up (2009–2025).</p