Alternativas de fertilización empleando bioestimulantes y biofertilizantes para el cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.), en Montúfar - Carchi

The research evaluated different alternatives of fertilization in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Superchola variety, using local production Biol, phosphorus solubilizer microorganisms and seaweed extracts. The experiment was carried out in open field conditions, using a Completely Random Block Design (DBCA), with 7 treatments and 4 repetitions, total 28 experimental units. Each unit contained 30 plants of which six were taken for a total of 168 plants as a sample. The variables assessed were: Emergency percentage, plant height, stem diameter, number of stems, yield per plant and cost-benefit ratio (C/B). The evaluated alternatives were conbinaron with amounts of Fertilization Phosphate (NPK) used in the region, were fractionated to compare the production and costs of cultivation, important in the area. The T2 (100% NPK + Fosfotic) was the treatment that increased yield, with a weight of tubers of 2.29 Kg/plant and a quantity of first category of 12.88 tubers/plant. The positive results obtained, confirm the use of alternatives of biofertilization, thanks to the appropriate interaction of NPK and BSF that improve the consumption of nutrients present and conditioned in the soil, reforming the costs of production and Maintaining an appropriate return for the farmer in the area. According To The economic analysis, the treatment that obtained the best profitability was T2, with a cost/benefit (C/B) of-0.11 USD increasing the yield, which compared with the control T1 (100% NPK) which has a utility of-0.20 USD, is better. En la investigación se evaluaron distintas alternativas de fertilización en papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) variedad Superchola, usando Biol de producción local, microorganismos solubilizadores de fósforo y extractos de algas. El experimento se lo realizó en condiciones de campo abierto, utilizando un Diseño de Bloques Completamente al Azar (DBCA), con 7 tratamientos y 4 repeticiones, total 28 unidades experimentales. Cada unidad contenía 30 plantas de las cuales se tomaron 6 para un total de 168 plantas como muestra. Las variables evaluadas fueron: porcentaje de emergencia, altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número de tallos, rendimiento por planta y relación costobeneficio (C/B). Las alternativas evaluadas se combinaron con cantidades de Fertilización Fosfórica (NPK) empleadas en la región, se fraccionaron las mismas para comparar la producción y costos del cultivo, importante de la zona. El T2 (100%NPK+ Fosfotic) fue el tratamiento que mayor rendimiento obtuvo, con un peso de tubérculos de 2,29 Kg/planta y una cantidad de primera categoría de 12,88 tubérculos/planta. Los resultados positivos obtenidos confirman la utilización de alternativas de biofertilización, gracias a la apropiada interacción de NPK y BSF que mejoran el consumo de nutrientes presentes y acondicionados en el suelo, reformando los costos de producción y manteniendo una rentabilidad apropiada para el agricultor de la zona. Según el análisis económico, el tratamiento que obtuvo la mejor rentabilidad fue el T2, con un costo/beneficio (C/B) de -0,11 USD incrementando el rendimiento, que en comparación con respecto al testigo T1 (100% NPK) que tiene una utilidad de -0,20 USD, es mejor.

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p < 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p < 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease