Efectos de la Erosión Hídrica en los Taludes de las Riberas del Río Rímac - Distrito de San Martin de Porres

La presente investigación responde a la interrogante ¿Los efectos de la erosión hídrica inciden en la vulnerabilidad de las infraestructuras ubicadas en los taludes superiores de las riberas del río Rímac en el distrito de San martín de Porres?, el objetivo general es: Determinar en qué medida los efectos de la erosión hídrica inciden en la vulnerabilidad de las infraestructuras ubicadas en los taludes superiores de las riberas del rio Rímac en el distrito de San Martín de Porres, y la hipótesis general que debe verificarse es: “Los efectos de la erosión hídrica inciden en la vulnerabilidad de las infraestructuras ubicadas en los taludes superiores de las riberas del río Rímac en el distrito de San Martin de Porres”. En este estudio se utilizó el método científico, de tipo aplicada, de nivel descriptivo – explicativo, diseño no experimental, la población está conformada por 210 viviendas que se encuentran en la margen derecha del río Rímac, en el distrito de San Martín de Porres, el tipo de muestreo es el no probabilístico, dirigido o intencional y la muestra es el tramo: Puente del Ejercito – Puente Dueñas, distrito de San Martín de Porres. La conclusión final a la que podemos llegar es qué: Los efectos de la erosión hídrica inciden en la vulnerabilidad de las infraestructuras ubicadas en los taludes superiores de las riberas del río Rímac en el distrito de San Martín de Porres. Para la obtención de datos se utilizó la encuesta y se realizó una simulación para determinar las velocidades del flujo del río Rímac, encontrando valores entre 1.5 m/s a 4.00 m/s.Tesi

¿Qué incidencia tiene en el aprendizaje la ausencia de la figura materna o paterna para niños menores de 5 años del Colegio Cooperativo de Cogua?

La educación preescolar contribuye de manera significativa al desarrollo integral y correcto desenvolvimiento para la vida de los seres humanos. Esta educación que se brinda por lo general de los 3 a los 5 años en jardines infantiles e instituciones educativas está íntimamente ligada con el núcleo familiar de los niños y las niñas; el desempeño que el estudiante alcance dentro de su proceso de aprendizaje depende en gran parte de su vida en familia. Por ello, la investigación parte de identificar los problemas de aprendizaje más frecuentes en estudiantes cuyos padres están separados, teniendo en cuenta que la mayoría de estudiantes del Colegio Cooperativo de Cogua que muestran problemas en la adquisición de conocimientos o socialización tienen hogares con estas características. Independientemente de la situación, los padres y madres más que un compromiso económico, tienen con sus hijos un vínculo afectivo excepcional, que al verse quebrantado hace brotar algunas actitudes inadecuadas por parte de los infantes. El análisis de la situación permite la creación de estrategias para la solución de estos problemas que involucre a padres, docentes y estudiantes

Diseño de estrategias pedagógicas apoyadas en las TIC orientadas a los padres de familia para fortalecer la dimensión personal - social de los niños y niñas del Jardín Infantil Stanford

Esta investigación se realizó en el Jardín Infantil Stanford, donde se evidenció una baja asistencia de los padres de familia a las escuelas para padres presencial, por motivos laborales o falta de tiempo; por lo tanto este proyecto busca dar respuesta a esta problemática por medio del desarrollo de diferentes estrategias pedagógicas con apoyo de las (TIC) a través del diseño de un ambiente virtual de aprendizaje (AVA). Dentro de su implementación se logra que los padres de familia participen activamente en la ejecución de cada actividad propuesta, apoyándolos en el tema de la formación de sus hijos; es por ello que la puesta en marcha del (AVA) fue bien recibida y aporto de manera enriquecedora y significativa, dejando a los padres de familia una experiencia importante de reflexión e interacción

Diseño de estrategias pedagógicas apoyadas en las TIC orientadas a los padres de familia para fortalecer la dimensión personal - social de los niños y niñas del Jardín Infantil Stanford

Esta investigación se realizó en el Jardín Infantil Stanford, donde se evidenció una baja asistencia de los padres de familia a las escuelas para padres presencial, por motivos laborales o falta de tiempo; por lo tanto este proyecto busca dar respuesta a esta problemática por medio del desarrollo de diferentes estrategias pedagógicas con apoyo de las (TIC) a través del diseño de un ambiente virtual de aprendizaje (AVA). Dentro de su implementación se logra que los padres de familia participen activamente en la ejecución de cada actividad propuesta, apoyándolos en el tema de la formación de sus hijos; es por ello que la puesta en marcha del (AVA) fue bien recibida y aporto de manera enriquecedora y significativa, dejando a los padres de familia una experiencia importante de reflexión e interacción

Uso de herramientas digitales y su aporte al aprendizaje basado en proyectos desde las percepciones de los estudiantes del curso de Taller de Diseño Arquitectónico IV en una universidad privada de Lima durante el periodo 2020-II

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo describir de qué manera el uso de herramientas digitales aporta al aprendizaje basado en proyectos desde las percepciones de los estudiantes del curso de Taller de Diseño Arquitectónico IV en una universidad privada de Lima, durante el periodo 2020-II.La metodología utilizada tiene un enfoque cualitativo, alcance descriptivo y diseño fenomenológico. La población estuvo conformada por 24 estudiantes del Taller de Diseño Arquitectónico IV de una universidad privada de Lima y la muestra fueron 12 estudiantes de dicho taller. Cómo técnica de recolección de datos se utilizó la entrevista y el instrumento fue la guía de entrevista no estructurada. Los resultados a los que se arribó muestran que el uso de herramientas digitales aporta a la metodología aprendizaje basado en proyectos. Como conclusión principal se tiene que los estudiantes perciben que durante el desarrollo de su proyecto arquitectónico tuvieron como un gran apoyo al uso de herramientas digitales utilizadas en la plataforma de la institución y otras herramientas digitales externas, así como los diferentes softwares de diseño que utilizaron de acuerdo con la carrera que estudian.The present research aims to explain how the use of digital tools contributes to project-based learning from the perceptions of the students of the Architectural Design Workshop IV course at a private university in Lima, during the 2020-II period.The methodology used has a qualitative approach, descriptive scope and phenomenological design. The population consisted of 24 students from the Architectural Design Workshop IV ofa private university in Lima and the sample was 12 students from that workshop. How the data collection technique was used the interview and the instrument was the unstructured interview guide. The results reached show that digital tools contributed to the project-based learning methodology.As a main conclusion we have that the students perceive that during the development of their architectural project they had great support for the use of digital tools used in the institution's platform and other external digital tools, as well as the different design software they used according to the career they study.Escuela de Postgrad

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

SummaryBackground The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Ibero-American Consensus on Low- and No-Calorie Sweeteners: Safety, Nutritional Aspects and Benefits in Food and Beverages

International scientific experts in food, nutrition, dietetics, endocrinology, physical activity, paediatrics, nursing, toxicology and public health met in Lisbon on 2-4 July 2017 to develop a Consensus on the use of low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) as substitutes for sugars and other caloric sweeteners. LNCS are food additives that are broadly used as sugar substitutes to sweeten foods and beverages with the addition of fewer or no calories. They are also used in medicines, health-care products, such as toothpaste, and food supplements. The goal of this Consensus was to provide a useful, evidence-based, point of reference to assist in efforts to reduce free sugars consumption in line with current international public health recommendations. Participating experts in the Lisbon Consensus analysed and evaluated the evidence in relation to the role of LNCS in food safety, their regulation and the nutritional and dietary aspects of their use in foods and beverages. The conclusions of this Consensus were: (1) LNCS are some of the most extensively evaluated dietary constituents, and their safety has been reviewed and confirmed by regulatory bodies globally including the World Health Organisation, the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Food Safety Authority; (2) Consumer education, which is based on the most robust scientific evidence and regulatory processes, on the use of products containing LNCS should be strengthened in a comprehensive and objective way; (3) The use of LNCS in weight reduction programmes that involve replacing caloric sweeteners with LNCS in the context of structured diet plans may favour sustainable weight reduction. Furthermore, their use in diabetes management programmes may contribute to a better glycaemic control in patients, albeit with modest results. LNCS also provide dental health benefits when used in place of free sugars; (4) It is proposed that foods and beverages with LNCS could be included in dietary guidelines as alternative options to products sweetened with free sugars; (5) Continued education of health professionals is required, since they are a key source of information on issues related to food and health for both the general population and patients. With this in mind, the publication of position statements and consensus documents in the academic literature are extremely desirable

Emerging roles of ATF2 and the dynamic AP1 network in cancer

Cooperation among transcription factors is central for their ability to execute specific transcriptional programmes. The AP1 complex exemplifies a network of transcription factors that function in unison under normal circumstances and during the course of tumour development and progression. This Perspective summarizes our current understanding of the changes in members of the AP1 complex and the role of ATF2 as part of this complex in tumorigenesis.Fil: Lopez Bergami, Pablo Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Lau, Eric . Burnham Institute for Medical Research; Estados UnidosFil: Ronai, Zeev . Burnham Institute for Medical Research; Estados Unido

May Measurement Month 2018: a pragmatic global screening campaign to raise awareness of blood pressure by the International Society of Hypertension

Aims Raised blood pressure (BP) is the biggest contributor to mortality and disease burden worldwide and fewer than half of those with hypertension are aware of it. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global campaign set up in 2017, to raise awareness of high BP and as a pragmatic solution to a lack of formal screening worldwide. The 2018 campaign was expanded, aiming to include more participants and countries. Methods and results Eighty-nine countries participated in MMM 2018. Volunteers (≥18 years) were recruited through opportunistic sampling at a variety of screening sites. Each participant had three BP measurements and completed a questionnaire on demographic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive medication. In total, 74.9% of screenees provided three BP readings. Multiple imputation using chained equations was used to impute missing readings. 1 504 963 individuals (mean age 45.3 years; 52.4% female) were screened. After multiple imputation, 502 079 (33.4%) individuals had hypertension, of whom 59.5% were aware of their diagnosis and 55.3% were taking antihypertensive medication. Of those on medication, 60.0% were controlled and of all hypertensives, 33.2% were controlled. We detected 224 285 individuals with untreated hypertension and 111 214 individuals with inadequately treated (systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg) hypertension. Conclusion May Measurement Month expanded significantly compared with 2017, including more participants in more countries. The campaign identified over 335 000 adults with untreated or inadequately treated hypertension. In the absence of systematic screening programmes, MMM was effective at raising awareness at least among these individuals at risk

Outcomes of elective liver surgery worldwide: a global, prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study

Background: The outcomes of liver surgery worldwide remain unknown. The true population-based outcomes are likely different to those vastly reported that reflect the activity of highly specialized academic centers. The aim of this study was to measure the true worldwide practice of liver surgery and associated outcomes by recruiting from centers across the globe. The geographic distribution of liver surgery activity and complexity was also evaluated to further understand variations in outcomes. Methods: LiverGroup.org was an international, prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study following the Global Surgery Collaborative Snapshot Research approach with a 3-month prospective, consecutive patient enrollment within January–December 2019. Each patient was followed up for 90 days postoperatively. All patients undergoing liver surgery at their respective centers were eligible for study inclusion. Basic demographics, patient and operation characteristics were collected. Morbidity was recorded according to the Clavien–Dindo Classification of Surgical Complications. Country-based and hospital-based data were collected, including the Human Development Index (HDI). (NCT03768141). Results: A total of 2159 patients were included from six continents. Surgery was performed for cancer in 1785 (83%) patients. Of all patients, 912 (42%) experienced a postoperative complication of any severity, while the major complication rate was 16% (341/2159). The overall 90-day mortality rate after liver surgery was 3.8% (82/2,159). The overall failure to rescue rate was 11% (82/ 722) ranging from 5 to 35% among the higher and lower HDI groups, respectively. Conclusions: This is the first to our knowledge global surgery study specifically designed and conducted for specialized liver surgery. The authors identified failure to rescue as a significant potentially modifiable factor for mortality after liver surgery, mostly related to lower Human Development Index countries. Members of the LiverGroup.org network could now work together to develop quality improvement collaboratives