1,354 research outputs found
Fermi coordinates and modified Franklin transformation : A comparative study on rotational phenomena
Employing a relativistic rotational transformation to study and analyze
rotational phenomena, instead of the rotational transformations based on
consecutive Lorentz transformations and Fermi coordinates, leads to different
predictions. In this article, after a comparative study between Fermi metric of
a uniformly rotating eccentric observer and the spacetime metric in the same
observer's frame obtained through the modified Franklin transformation, we
consider rotational phenomena including transverse Doppler effect and Sagnac
effect in both formalisms and compare their predictions. We also discuss length
measurements in the two formalisms.Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures, replaced with the published versio
Electronic states in a graphene flake strained by a Gaussian bump
The effect of strain in graphene is usually modeled by a pseudo-magnetic
vector potential which is, however, derived in the limit of small strain. In
realistic cases deviations are expected in view of graphene's very high strain
tolerance, which can be up to 25%. Here we investigate the pseudo-magnetic
field generated by a Gaussian bump and we show that it exhibits significant
differences with numerical tight-binding results. Furthermore, we calculate the
electronic states in the strained region for a hexagon shaped flake with
armchair edges. We find that the six-fold symmetry of the wave functions inside
the Gaussian bump is directly related to the different effect of strain along
the fundamental directions of graphene: zigzag and armchair. Low energy
electrons are strongly confined in the armchair directions and are localized on
the carbon atoms of a single sublattice
The use of pulse oximetry in evaluation of pulp vitality in immature permanent teeth
Background and aim: The current methods of pulp vitality assessment, either electric or thermal, are of limited use in children. Recently, traumatized and immature teeth may not respond to such methods and because such methods require subjective responses, it may not provide accurate results particularly in children. Pulse oximetry, an atraumatic approach, is used to measure oxygen saturation in vascular system. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of pulse oximetry to evaluate pulp vitality status in immature permanent teeth. Methods and materials: The study was conducted on 329 maxillary central and lateral incisors in children. The negative control group consisted of 10 root filled teeth. Systemic oxygen saturation was first measured on the thumb of the individual using a custom-made sensor. Oxygen saturation values of the teeth were then evaluated. The correlation between oxygen saturation measurement obtained from finger and tooth, and the correlation between oxygen saturation values and stage of root development were analyzed. A further comparison was made between the teeth with open and closed apex. Results: Mean oxygen values recorded in the patient's finger were 97.17, and mean oxygen values in the maxillary central and lateral incisors were 86.77 and 83/92, respectively. There was no significant correlation between blood oxygen levels in the finger and in the teeth. (P > 0.05) There was a significant negative correlation between the stage of root development and the blood oxygen levels in the patients' teeth. (P < 0.05) Mean oxygen values in the teeth with open apex were significantly higher than the teeth with closed apex. (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Vital teeth provided consistent oxygen saturation readings, and non-vital teeth recorded no oxygen saturation values. During tooth development, the oxygen saturation values decreased. These findings confirm that the pulse oximetry is capable of detecting the pulpal blood flow and oxygen saturation. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Bilayer graphene Hall bar with a pn-junction
We investigate the magnetic field dependence of the Hall and the bend
resistances for a ballistic Hall bar structure containing a pn-junction
sculptured from a bilayer of graphene. The electric response is obtained using
the billiard model and we investigate the cases of bilayer graphene with and
without a band gap. Two different conduction regimes are possible: ) both
sides of the junction have the same carrier type, and ) one side of the
junction is n-type while the other one is p-type. The first case shows Hall
plateau-like features in the Hall resistance that fade away as the band gap
opens. The second case exhibits a bend resistance that is asymmetric in
magnetic field as a consequence of snake states along the pn-interface, where
the maximum is shifted away from zero magnetic field
Spectroscopy of snake states using a graphene Hall bar
An approach to observe snake states in a graphene Hall bar containing a
pn-junction is proposed. The magnetic field dependence of the bend resistance
in a ballistic graphene Hall bar structure containing a tilted pn-junction
oscillates as a function of applied magnetic field. We show that each
oscillation is due to a specific snake state that moves along the pn-interface.
Furthermore depending on the value of the magnetic field and applied potential
we can control the lead in which the electrons will end up and hence control
the response of the system
Magnetic field dependence of the atomic collapse state in graphene
Quantum electrodynamics predicts that heavy atoms ()
will undergo the process of atomic collapse where electrons sink into the
positron continuum and a new family of so-called collapsing states emerges. The
relativistic electrons in graphene exhibit the same physics but at a much lower
critical charge () which has made it possible to confirm this
phenomenon experimentally. However, there exist conflicting predictions on the
effect of a magnetic field on atomic collapse. These theoretical predictions
are based on the continuum Dirac-Weyl equation, which does not have an exact
analytical solution for the interplay of a supercritical Coulomb potential and
the magnetic field. Approximative solutions have been proposed, but because the
two effects compete on similar energy scales, the theoretical treatment varies
depending on the regime which is being considered. These limitations are
overcome here by starting from a tight-binding approach and computing exact
numerical results. By avoiding special limit cases, we found a smooth evolution
between the different regimes. We predict that the atomic collapse effect
persists even after the magnetic field is activated and that the critical
charge remains unchanged. We show that the atomic collapse regime is
characterized: 1) by a series of Landau level anticrossings and 2) by the
absence of scaling of the Landau levels with regard to magnetic
field strength
Quasi-bound states of Schrodinger and Dirac electrons in magnetic quantum dot
The properties of a two-dimensional electron are investigated in the presence
of a circular step magnetic field profile. Both electrons with parabolic
dispersion as well as Dirac electrons with linear dispersion are studied. We
found that in such a magnetic quantum dot no electrons can be confined.
Nevertheless close to the Landau levels quasi-bound states can exist with a
rather long life time.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure
Bypassing the bandwidth theorem with PT symmetry
The beat time {\tau}_{fpt} associated with the energy transfer between two
coupled oscillators is dictated by the bandwidth theorem which sets a lower
bound {\tau}_{fpt}\sim 1/{\delta}{\omega}. We show, both experimentally and
theoretically, that two coupled active LRC electrical oscillators with
parity-time (PT) symmetry, bypass the lower bound imposed by the bandwidth
theorem, reducing the beat time to zero while retaining a real valued spectrum
and fixed eigenfrequency difference {\delta}{\omega}. Our results foster new
design strategies which lead to (stable) pseudo-unitary wave evolution, and may
allow for ultrafast computation, telecommunication, and signal processing.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
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