OPTIMIZATION AND SOLUBILIZATION STUDY OF NANOEMULSION BUDESONIDE AND CONSTRUCTING PSEUDOTERNARY PHASE DIAGRAM

Objective: The aim of the present study was to formulate and optimize budesonide nanoemulsions for targeting inflammation.Methods: Budesonide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. The exact mechanism of the action of budesonide in the treatment of Crohn's disease is not fully understood. However, being a glucocorticosteroid, budesonide has a high local anti-inflammatory effect. The formulation was optimized for different components and the solubility study for the oil in surfactant and cosurfactant mix ratio was optimized using ternary phase diagram.Results: The surfactant mix ratio was optimized as 1:3 where the maximum concentration of the oil has solubilized and the nanoemulsion area was increased.Conclusion: Budesonide nanoemulsion for targeting inflammation and the pseudoternary phase diagram for the solubility studies and the components of different phases were optimized and achieved through this study

Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

ECMO, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, is an advanced life support technique that provides cardiac and pulmonary support similar to cardiopulmonary bypass. ECPR (extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is the rapid deployment of VA-ECMO when conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation fails to provide return of spontaneous circulation. Evidence in the literature is sparse, but with expanding reported applications, ECPR has shown promise to improve outcomes of cardiac arrest. ECPR is superior to conventional CPR for both survival and neurologic outcomes. ECPR has been successfully used to manage arrests secondary to cardiac and non-cardiac causes. Arrests secondary to primary cardiac causes have the best overall outcome. Other determinants of outcomes of ECPR include duration of low flow state and on-ECMO complications. A narrow list of ECPR contraindications exists, and includes severe neurologic injury and irreversible primary disease process. Various complications can occur with ECPR, and include mechanical, cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematologic, renal, and neurologic complications. Neurologic complications are the most serious, and significantly affect mortality or quality of life. ECPR is a nascent field, and substantial work remains to be done to optimize its application. Given the small number of patients at each institutional level, this is a field ripe for collaborative work and rewarding results

Empirical Methods to Estimate Burn Rate Scale up Factor from Sub scale to Full Scale Solid Rocket Motors

Two empirical methods to estimate the burn time of full scale motors (FSMs) are presented. The static test data of sub-scale motors and other FSMs provide the necessary input for the use of these methods. The applicability of these methods was verified by comparing the predicted values with actual values which were found to match closely. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed

When Worlds Collide: Framing Students’ Challenges with Stay-at-home Learning During COVID-19 through the Lens of Conflicting Role Identities

Based on a survey of undergraduate business students at a private Midwestern university in the United States, we found that the abrupt mid-semester transition from campus learning to at-home online learning due to the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to an unexpected challenge for students. Students reported that stay-at-home learning eroded support for their student role while also creating conflicts between the student role and other competing roles, such as child, sibling, or supplemental wage earner. As a result, they significantly lacked motivation to complete schoolwork during stay-at-home orders. Using a framework rooted in role identity theory, we analyze this role erosion and role conflict. Based on that analysis, we suggest potential actions for faculty to mitigate the adverse impact that this role erosion/conflict has on learning and, thus, bolster the student role while simultaneously reducing conflict between the student role and other competing roles. As we brace for multiple semesters of teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic, such efforts to facilitate positive stay-at-home learning experiences for our students will contribute to determining our academic success and our educational institutions’ economic viability

How the Thread was Lost: Misaligned Expectations between Students and Professors

We argue that many difficulties and frustrations that occurred during the transition to remote learning in early 2020 due to the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic occurred due to misaligned expectations between students and professors. Many expectations that both professors and students had about the other did not account for the change in circumstances that the pandemic caused. Given the unique circumstances of learning from home, professors also needed to deal with misalignments in expectations from student families as well. We discuss these important differences and offer suggestions on how to best approach policies going forward as we inevitably have to make accommodations for students forced to make the switch in the coming semesters

Practical Tips for HyFlex Undergraduate Teaching During a Pandemic

Many universities in the United States have resumed campus-based learning during the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Under these special circumstances, many instructors have considered the HyFlex approach to redesign their undergraduate courses. However, a HyFlex teaching model that one adopts in reaction to a global pandemic significantly differs from HyFlex teaching that one adopts under normal conditions. In this paper, we provide actionable practical tips that will allow fellow instructors to better prepare themselves for running a COVID-19 HyFlex classroom. First, we explain how the COVID-19 HyFlex model has some key distinctions from the regular HyFlex teaching model. Then, in the COVID-19 HyFlex classroom, we focus specifically on how to effectively use group work as the learning instrument in these types of classrooms. We consciously seek to go narrow and deep on the dimension of group work as it has the most potential to yield beneficial outcomes while also being fraught with logistical challenges in the COVID-19 HyFlex context. Our collective success with undergraduate HyFlex teaching in future academic terms during COVID-19 will determine our universities’ economic success and our jobs’ security

神経障害性疼痛モデル動物におけるトラニラストの鎮痛効果とテトラヒドロビオプテリン合成制御の役割

Trigeminal neuralgia is unilateral, lancinating, episodic pain that can be provoked by routine activities. Anticonvulsants, such as carbamazepine, are the drugs of choice; however, these possess side-effects. Microvascular decompression is the most effective surgical technique with a higher success rate, although occasionally causes adverse effects. The potential treatment for this type of pain remains unmet. Increased tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) levels have been reported in association with axonal injury. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tranilast on relieving neuropathic pain in animal models and analyze the changes in BH4 synthesis. Neuropathic pain was induced via infraorbital nerve constriction. Tranilast, carbamazepine, or saline was injected intraperitoneally to assess the rat’s post-intervention pain response. In the von Frey’s test, the tranilast and carbamazepine groups showed significant changes in the head withdrawal threshold in the ipsilateral whisker pad area. The motor coordination test showed no changes in the tranilast group, whereas the carbamazepine group showed decreased performance, indicating impaired motor coordination. Trigeminal ganglion tissues were used for the PCR array analysis of genes that regulate the BH4 pathway. Downregulation of the sepiapterin reductase (Spr) and aldoketo reductase (Akr) genes after tranilast injection was observed compared to the pain model. These findings suggest that tranilast effectively treats neuropathic pain

Pediatric Cardiac Arrest

This chapter will focus on four important topics in pediatric cardiac arrest. We will highlight recent developments in pediatric CPR quality, medications used in cardiac arrest, ECPR, and post-cardiac arrest care (PCAC) and discuss the existing literature behind AHA guidelines and gaps in knowledge. Optimization of CPR quality is critical during cardiac arrest. We will summarize literature regarding current guidelines which target provider-centered goals and discuss evidence behind patient-centered goals. We will also discuss the evidence behind drugs used in the PALS guidelines. In cases of refractory cardiac arrest, ECMO can be lifesaving; however, there are still many gaps in our knowledge of this field. We will summarize the literature regarding determination of candidacy, cannulation strategies, resuscitation practices during ECPR, and outcomes. After a cardiac arrest, PCAC is crucial to minimize further injury from post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). The main goals of PCAC are to prevent further brain injury, treat myocardial dysfunction, and systemic ischemia/reperfusion injury. We will discuss AHA guidelines on oxygenation and ventilation goals, targeted temperature management, hemodynamic monitoring, and neuromonitoring