Genome-wide association study in accessions of the mini-core collection of mungbean (Vigna radiata) from the World Vegetable Gene Bank (Taiwan)

Background: Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek, or green gram) is important tropical and sub-tropical legume and a rich source of dietary protein and micronutrients. In this study we employ GWAS to examine the genetic basis of variation in several important traits in mungbean, using the mini-core collection established by the World Vegetable Center, which includes 296 accessions that represent the major market classes. This collection has been grown in a common field plot in southern European part of Russia in 2018. Results: We used 5041 SNPs in 293 accessions that passed strict filtering for genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium, population structure and GWAS analysis. Polymorphisms were distributed among all chromosomes, but with variable density. Linkage disequilibrium decayed in approximately 105 kb. Four distinct subgroups were identified within 293 accessions with 70% of accessions attributed to one of the four populations. By performing GWAS on the mini-core collection we have found several loci significantly associated with two important agronomical traits. Four SNPs associated with possibility of maturation in Kuban territory of Southern Russia in 2018 were identified within a region of strong linkage which contains genes encoding zinc finger A20 and an AN1 domain stress-associated protein. Conclusions: The core collection of mungbean established by the World Vegetable Center is a valuable resource for mungbean breeding. The collection has been grown in southern European part of Russia in 2018 under incidental stresses caused by abnormally hot weather and different photoperiod. We have found several loci significantly associated with color of hypocotyl and possibility of maturation under these stressful conditions. SNPs associated with possibility of maturation localize to a region on chromosome 2 with strong linkage, in which genes encoding zinc finger A20 and AN1 domain stress associated protein (SAP) are located. Phenotyping of WorldVeg collection for maturation traits in temperate climatic locations is important as phenology remains a critical breeding target for mungbean. As demand rises for mungbean, production in temperate regions with shorter growing seasons becomes crucial to keep up with needs. Uncovering SNPs for phenology traits will speed breeding efforts

Diversifying vegetable production systems for improving the livelihood of resource poor farmers on the East Indian Plateau

Failure of the rice crop, or low rice yield has dire consequences for rice-dependent households, including food insecurity and malnutrition, for India’s poorest farmers in the East Indian Plateau region. Crop diversification could reduce the risks of rice production from the vagaries of rainfall and provide cash income which is not generated from subsistence rice. Being the primary household laborers women bear the brunt of these difficult conditions in patriarchal societies. For this reason we engaged with the women farmers in Bokaro and West Singhbhum in the State of Jharkhand, and Purulia in West Bengal who participated in experiments conducted with vegetable crops and legumes in the upland and medium uplands where the traditional crop is broadcasted paddy rice. We explored four different vegetable systems, (i) cucurbits (rainy/kharif) (season—June to September), (ii) growing tomatoes in the “off season” (rainy season—July to October), (iii) growing legume crops in rotation with direct sown rice (dry/rabi season—November to January), and (iv) intercropping beans with maize (rainy season—June to September). The results showed that all the above crops proved much better in terms of income to the farmers, return per person day, although the input cost varied it was higher with the new systems explored. The research with the small-holding women farmers enabled them to try new options and make informed decisions about these opportunities. This study showed that farmers can increase crop diversity and expand the area sown to non-paddy crops. The farmers are now looking for new crops where the demand exceeds the supply. Importantly this study has demonstrated that the direct involvement of communities’ in research enables the farmers to sustainability explore solutions to the future problems with limited support from the external agencies

Genome-wide association studies for phenological and agronomic traits in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is one of the important warm-season food legumes, contributing substantially to nutritional security and environmental sustainability. The genetic complexity of yield-associated agronomic traits in mungbean is not well understood. To dissect the genetic basis of phenological and agronomic traits, we evaluated 153 diverse mungbean genotypes for two phenological (days to heading and days to maturity) and eight agronomic traits (leaf nitrogen status using SPAD, plant height, number of primary branches, pod length, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, and yield per plant) under two environmental conditions. A wide array of phenotypic variability was apparent among the studied genotypes for all the studied traits. The broad sense of heritability of traits ranged from 0.31 to 0.95 and 0.21 to 0.94 at the Delhi and Ludhiana locations, respectively. A total of 55,634 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained by the genotyping-by-sequencing method, of which 15,926 SNPs were retained for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS with Bayesian information and linkage-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway (BLINK) model identified 50 SNPs significantly associated with phenological and agronomic traits. In total, 12 SNPs were found to be significantly associated with phenological traits across environments, explaining 7%–18.5% of phenotypic variability, and 38 SNPs were significantly associated with agronomic traits, explaining 4.7%–27.6% of the phenotypic variability. The maximum number of SNPs (15) were located on chromosome 1, followed by seven SNPs each on chromosomes 2 and 8. The BLAST search identified 19 putative candidate genes that were involved in light signaling, nitrogen responses, phosphorus (P) transport and remobilization, photosynthesis, respiration, metabolic pathways, and regulating growth and development. Digital expression analysis of 19 genes revealed significantly higher expression of 12 genes, viz. VRADI01G08170, VRADI11G09170, VRADI02G00450, VRADI01G00700, VRADI07G14240, VRADI03G06030, VRADI02G14230, VRADI08G01540, VRADI09G02590, VRADI08G00110, VRADI02G14240, and VRADI02G00430 in the roots, cotyledons, seeds, leaves, shoot apical meristems, and flowers. The identified SNPs and putative candidate genes provide valuable genetic information for fostering genomic studies and marker-assisted breeding programs that improve yield and agronomic traits in mungbean

Effect of temperature and time delay in centrifugation on stability of select biomarkers of nutrition and non-communicable diseases in blood samples

Introduction: Preanalytical conditions are critical for blood sample integrity and poses challenge in surveys involving biochemical measurements. A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the stability of select biomarkers at conditions that mimic field situations in surveys. Material and methods: Blood from 420 volunteers was exposed to 2 – 8 °C, room temperature (RT), 22 – 30 °C and > 30 °C for 30 min, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours prior to centrifugation. After different exposures, whole blood (N = 35) was used to assess stability of haemoglobin, HbA1c and erythrocyte folate; serum (N = 35) for assessing stability of ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), vitamins B12, A and D, zinc, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), tryglicerides, albumin, total protein and creatinine; and plasma (N = 35) was used for glucose. The mean % deviation of the analytes was compared with the total change limit (TCL), computed from analytical and intra-individual imprecision. Values that were within the TCL were deemed to be stable. Result: Creatinine (mean % deviation 14.6, TCL 5.9), haemoglobin (16.4%, TCL 4.4) and folate (33.6%, TCL 22.6) were unstable after 12 hours at 22- 30°C, a temperature at which other analytes were stable. Creatinine was unstable even at RT for 12 hours (mean % deviation: 10.4). Albumin, CRP, glucose, cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, vitamins B12 and A, sTfR and HbA1c were stable at all studied conditions. Conclusion: All analytes other than creatinine, folate and haemoglobin can be reliably estimated in blood samples exposed to 22-30°C for 12 hours in community-based studies

Genomic resources in mungbean for future breeding programs

Among the legume family, mungbean (Vigna radiata) has become one of the important crops in Asia, showing a steady increase in global production. It provides a good source of protein and contains most notably folate and iron. Beyond the nutritional value of mungbean, certain features make it a well-suited model organism among legume plants because of its small genome size, short life-cycle, self-pollinating, and close genetic relationship to other legumes. In the past, there have been several efforts to develop molecular markers and linkage maps associated with agronomic traits for the genetic improvement of mungbean and, ultimately, breeding for cultivar development to increase the average yields of mungbean. The recent release of a reference genome of the cultivated mungbean (V. radiata var. radiata VC1973A) and an additional de novo sequencing of a wild relative mungbean (V. radiata var. sublobata) has provided a framework for mungbean genetic and genome research, that can further be used for genome-wide association and functional studies to identify genes related to specific agronomic traits. Moreover, the diverse gene pool of wild mungbean comprises valuable genetic resources of beneficial genes that may be helpful in widening the genetic diversity of cultivated mungbean. This review paper covers the research progress on molecular and genomics approaches and the current status of breeding programs that have developed to move toward the ultimate goal of mungbean improvement

Adoption of Improved Mungbean Production Technologies in Selected East African Countries

This study analyzes the factors that influence the probability and extent of the adoption of mungbean production technologies in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda, using multivariate probit and Poisson regression models. The results show that the probability and extent of the adoption of mungbean production technologies are influenced by gender of the household, household size, farm size, livestock size, household assets, access to extension services and access to credit. The study suggests that policy interventions that aimed at targeting women farmers, increasing household asset and information dissemination, such as field demonstrations and training programs, are crucial in enhancing technology adoption among smallholder farmers

Comparison of different selection traits for identification of phosphorus use efficient lines in mungbean

Phosphorus (P) is one of the major constraints for crop growth and development, owing to low availability and least mobility in many tropical soil conditions. Categorization of existing germplasm under P deficient conditions is a prerequisite for the selection and development of P efficient genotypes in the mungbean. In the present investigation, 36 diverse genotypes were categorized for phosphorus use efficiency traits using four different techniques for identification of phosphorus use efficient mungbean genotypes. The studied genotypes were categorized for P efficiency based on efficiency, responsiveness, and stress tolerance score of genotypes under normal and low P conditions. The mean values of traits, root dry mass, root to shoot ratio, and P utilization efficiency are significantly higher under low P conditions indicating the high responsiveness of traits to P deficiency. The presence of significant interaction between genotypes and P treatment indicates the evaluated genotypes were significantly affected by P treatment for studied traits. The total P uptake showed significant and positive correlations with root dry mass, shoot dry mass, total dry mass,and P concentration under both P regimes. Out of the four techniques used for the categorization of genotypes for P efficiency, three techniques revealed that the genotype PUSA 1333, followed by Pusa Vishal, PUSA 1031, and Pusa Ratna is efficient. The categorization based on stress tolerance score is the finest way to study variation and for the selection of contrasting genotypes for P efficiency. The identified P efficient genotypes would be valuable resources for genetic enhancement of P use efficiency in mungbean breeding

Genetic Variation for Traits Related to Phosphorus Use Efficiency in <i>Vigna</i> Species

Phosphorus (P) is a major limiting nutrient reducing crop yields especially in weathered soils of the subtropics and tropics. P exhibits poor mobility and availability to plants in soil. To overcome P deficiency in soil, phosphatic fertilizers are added. Global phosphate rock reserves are finite, and the addition of phosphatic fertilizers is not financially and ecologically sustainable. Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is important grain legume for nutritional security. Attempts are being made to develop mungbean varieties with better P-use efficiency through enhanced P uptake and utilization. In the present study, 327 accessions of 18 Vigna species were examined for inter- and intra-specific variation for traits related to phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency under hydroponic conditions at two levels of phosphorus. Significant species-specific variation was recorded for studied traits. Among the studied Vigna species, mungbean exhibited higher phosphorus use efficiency. Seven mungbean genotypes (IC 251950, IC 585931, V1002532AG, IC 371653, IC 331615, V1001400AG, and V1000532BG) were found to be promising for both PupE and PutiE. Using mean and standard deviation as criteria, mungbean genotypes identified with high phosphorus-use efficiency include IC 25950 and IC 583664. Mungbean genotypes KPS 1546, IC 277060, IC 697141, IC 343440, and Pusa 0831 were identified based on the stress tolerance index as genotypes that performed better under P stress. Cultivated species revealed higher PUE in comparison withwild forms. The most promising genotype identified from this study for PUE can be used as a parent for the development of a mapping population of mungbean for understanding genetics of PUE under a low-phosphorus environment

Genetic Variation for Traits Related to Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Vigna Species

Phosphorus (P) is a major limiting nutrient reducing crop yields especially in weathered soils of the subtropics and tropics. P exhibits poor mobility and availability to plants in soil. To overcome P deficiency in soil, phosphatic fertilizers are added. Global phosphate rock reserves are finite, and the addition of phosphatic fertilizers is not financially and ecologically sustainable. Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is important grain legume for nutritional security. Attempts are being made to develop mungbean varieties with better P-use efficiency through enhanced P uptake and utilization. In the present study, 327 accessions of 18 Vigna species were examined for inter- and intra-specific variation for traits related to phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency under hydroponic conditions at two levels of phosphorus. Significant species-specific variation was recorded for studied traits. Among the studied Vigna species, mungbean exhibited higher phosphorus use efficiency. Seven mungbean genotypes (IC 251950, IC 585931, V1002532AG, IC 371653, IC 331615, V1001400AG, and V1000532BG) were found to be promising for both PupE and PutiE. Using mean and standard deviation as criteria, mungbean genotypes identified with high phosphorus-use efficiency include IC 25950 and IC 583664. Mungbean genotypes KPS 1546, IC 277060, IC 697141, IC 343440, and Pusa 0831 were identified based on the stress tolerance index as genotypes that performed better under P stress. Cultivated species revealed higher PUE in comparison withwild forms. The most promising genotype identified from this study for PUE can be used as a parent for the development of a mapping population of mungbean for understanding genetics of PUE under a low-phosphorus environment