A case-control analysis of common variants in GIP with type 2 diabetes and related biochemical parameters in a South Indian population

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is one of the incretins, which plays a crucial role in the secretion of insulin upon food stimulus and in the regulation of postprandial glucose level. It also exerts an effect on the synthesis and secretion of lipoprotein lipase, from adipocytes, important for lipid metabolism. The aim of our study was to do a case-control association analysis of common variants in <it>GIP </it>in association with type 2 diabetes and related biochemical parameters.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>A total of 2000 subjects which includes 1000 (584M/416F) cases with type 2 diabetes and 1000 (470M/530F) normoglycemic control subjects belonging to Dravidian ethnicity from South India were recruited to assess the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in <it>GIP </it>(rs2291725, rs2291726, rs937301) on type 2 diabetes in a case-control manner. The SNPs were genotyped by using tetra primer amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (ARMS PCR). For statistical analysis, our study population was divided into sub-groups based on gender (male and female). Association analysis was carried out using chi-squared test and the comparison of biochemical parameters among the three genotypes were performed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).</p> <p>Result</p> <p>Initial analysis revealed that, out of the total three SNPs selected for the present study, two SNPs namely rs2291726 and rs937301 were in complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other. Therefore, only two SNPs, rs2291725 and rs2291726, were genotyped for the association studies. No significant difference in the allele frequency and genotype distribution of any of the SNPs in <it>GIP </it>were observed between cases and controls (<it>P </it>> 0.05). Analysis of biochemical parameters among the three genotypes showed a significant association of total cholesterol (<it>P </it>= 0.042) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) with the G allele of the SNP rs2291726 in <it>GIP </it>(<it>P </it>= 0.004), but this was observed only in the case of female subjects. However this association does not remain significant after correction for multiple testing by Bonferroni's inequality method.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>No statistically significant association was observed between any of the SNPs analysed and type 2 diabetes in our population. But the analysis of biochemical parameters indicates that the G allele in rs2291726 may be a putative risk allele for increased LDL cholesterol and further studies in other population needs to be carried out for ascertaining its role in cholesterol metabolism and subsequent cardiovascular risk.</p

The effect of two bleaching agents on the phosphate concentration of the enamel evaluated by Raman spectroscopy: An ex vivo study

AIM: The aim of this ex vivo study was to evaluate the effect of in-office bleaching agents,–35% and 38% hydrogen peroxide containing bleaching agents, on the phosphate concentration of the enamel evaluated by Raman spectroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty noncarious, craze-free human maxillary incisors, extracted for periodontal reasons, were used in this study. Baseline Raman spectra from each specimen were obtained before the application of the bleaching agent to assess the phosphate content present in the teeth. The teeth were divided into two groups: Group A – bleached with pola office bleach (35% hydrogen peroxide, potassium nitrate) (light activated). Group B – bleached with opalescence Xtra bleach (38% hydrogen peroxide potassium nitrate and fluoride) (chemical activated). After the bleaching procedure, the treated specimens were taken to obtain Raman spectra to assess the phosphate loss after bleaching treatment. RESULTS: The results showed that the chemically activated bleaching agent showed less phosphate loss when compared with the light activated bleaching agent. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the chemically activated bleaching agent showed minimal phosphate loss when compared to light activated bleaching agent. The chemically activated bleaching agent was better than the light activated bleaching agent when values were evaluated statistically

Dosimetric Study for the Feasibility of Carotid Sparing Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Early Glottic Cancer

BACKGROUND The primary objective of this study is a dosimetric comparison for the feasibility of carotid sparing intensity modulated radiation therapy (CS-IMRT) for early glottis cancer. The planning target volume coverage and the spinal cord dose are compared in the 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and IMRT plans. METHODS In this single reconcile study twenty-five patients who had been already treated for early-stage glottis cancer (T1, T2N0M0) from June 2015 to June 2021 with 52.5 Gy/15 fractions were included. All patients were simulated in supine position with an orfit shell and treatment planning computed tomography scans were obtained from the vertex to sternal angle with a 3-mm slice thickness. Treatment was executed with 3-DCRT plan and comparison was made with the newly created IMRT plan. The analysis was made regarding mean dose to the carotid arteries, volume of carotid artery receiving more than 25 Gy (V25), 35 Gy (V35), 50 Gy (V50), planning target coverage and doses to organ at risk. RESULTS The dose to carotids was significantly higher in the 3-DCRT plan compared with the IMRT plan (p=0.004). For target coverage the volume receiving 95% of the dose was significantly higher in IMRT plan (p=.001). The dose to the spinal cord was higher-in the IMRT plan (p=.001) compared to 3-DCRT plan. CONCLUSIONS IMRT maintains target volume coverage with significant reduction in carotid artery dose. This reduces the incidence of cerebrovascular accidents by decreasing the radiation induced carotid artery stenosis, thereby improving the quality of life of patients. KEY WORDS CS-IMRT, 3D-CRT, Mean Carotid Dose</jats:p

Hypofractionated Radiotherapy of Early Glottic Cancer - A Single Institution Experience of 52.5 Gray in 15 Fractions among Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Center

BACKGROUND The standard conventional radiation schedule for early laryngeal cancer is 64 - 70 Gy in 2 Gy per fraction over 6.5 - 7 weeks. Hypofractionated radiotherapy in early laryngeal cancer allows delivery of larger dose per fraction (fraction size) in decreased overall treatment time with improved local control and similar survival rates. Reduction in treatment time also optimizes the usage of radiotherapy resources. The purpose of this study was to estimate the local control rates, survival rates and toxicity profile of hypofractionated radiotherapy of 52.5 Gy in 15 fractions for early glottic cancer. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with early glottic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated with hypofractionated definitive radiotherapy from June 2015 to December 2019 were analyzed. The median age was 61 years. Total dose of 52.5 Gy in 15 fractions was delivered over three-four weeks with a fraction size of 3.5 Gy. The median follow-up period was 23.8 months. RESULTS The 5-year local control rates were 96.4 % with one recurrence. The 5-year overall survival rate was 100 % and cause specific survival at 5 years was 100 %. There was no association of T1 sub staging, T2 (P - 0.40) and no significant association of anterior commissure involvement (P = 0.408, chi square value = 3.982) and pretreatment haemoglobin (P - 0.480) on local control. Late complications include laryngeal oedema (21.5 %), altered thyroid function (3.6 %), cardiac complication (3.6 %) and altered voice quality (14.3 %).There was no association of local control with field size (FS) (P = 0.812), beam energy (P = 0.098 ) overall treatment time of less than thirty days (P - 0.747). CONCLUSIONS Local control with hypofractionated radiotherapy for early laryngeal glottis squamous cell carcinoma is excellent with no severe complications. The short overall treatment time enables channelling of radiotherapy resources in low budget countries with long wait list for radiation. KEYWORDS Early Laryngeal Cancer, Glottic Cancer, Hypofractionated Radiotherapy, Overall Treatment Time.</jats:p

A facial talon cusp on maxillary permanent central incisors

Talon cusp is a dental anomaly that occurs as an accessory cusp like structure, from the cingulum of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. Lingual location is usually considered pathognomic. This case report discuss about the unusual appearance of talon cusp on the facial surface of the maxillary left permanent central incisor and a mild talon cusp on the facial surface of the maxillary right permanent central incisor