Impact of Urban Growth on Water Bodies - The Case of Hyderabad

Being located in the Deccan Plateau region, Hyderabad city has been dotted with a number of lakes, which formed very important component of its physical environment. With the increasing control of the State and private agencies over the years, and rapid urban sprawl of the city, many of the water bodies have been totally lost. Many have been shrunk in size while the waters of several lakes got polluted with the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial effluents. This study makes an attempt to analyse the transformation of common property resources (the lakes) into private property. The adverse consequences of the loss of water bodies are felt in the steep decline in water table and the resultant water crisis in several areas. Further, the severity of flooding that was witnessed in August 2000 was also due to a reduction in the carrying capacity of lakes and water channels. The State has not bothered to either implement the existing laws or pay attention to the suggestions of environmental organisations in this regard. The paper argues that in this process of loss of water bodies in Hyderabad, the State is as much responsible as private agencies in terms of the policies that it has formulated and the lack of ensuring legislation and implementation.Urban Growth, Water Bodies, Hyderabad

Impact of urban growth on water bodies: The case of Hyderabad

Being located in the Deccan Plateau region, Hyderabad city has been dotted with a number of lakes, which formed very important component of its physical environment. With the increasing control of the State and private agencies over the years, and rapid urban sprawl of the city, many of the water bodies have been totally lost. Many have been shrunk in size while the waters of several lakes got polluted with the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial effluents. This study makes an attempt to analyse the transformation of common property resources (the lakes) into private property. The adverse consequences of the loss of water bodies are felt in the steep decline in water table and the resultant water crisis in several areas. Further, the severity of flooding that was witnessed in August 2000 was also due to a reduction in the carrying capacity of lakes and water channels. The State has not bothered to either implement the existing laws or pay attention to the suggestions of environmental organisations in this regard. The paper argues that in this process of loss of water bodies in Hyderabad, the State is as much responsible as private agencies in terms of the policies that it has formulated and the lack of ensuring legislation and implementation.

プラズマCVDプロセスによるカーボンナノチューブの浮遊コーティング

内容の要約広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(工学)Doctor of Engineeringdoctora

Inequity in water supply and impact on the poor: the case of Hyderabad

There are significant variations in the access of households to tap water between the core city and the surrounding urban areas in Hyderabad. In the surrounding areas, a substantial proportion of the households have their source of water outside their premises. Rather than the lack of water, it is the iniquitous distribution and denial of clean drinking water to the urban poor that led to the outbreak of water-contaminated diseases on a large scale in 2003 in Hyderabad city. The two main reservoirs that are the principal sources of drinking water to the old city have been neglected over the years leading to their drying up, for the first time, in 2003. Despite untold miseries suffered by the poor, the State continues to be lukewarm to their plight, which is highlighted in this paper. Such neglect by the State is probably due to lack of mobilization by the poor to form an effective pressure group at grassroots level to lobby for basic amenities

SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL AND MOLECULAR MODELING STUDIES OF COUMARIN DERIVATIVES

Objective: To synthesize the 3-{2-[N'-(1-Pyridin-2-yl-ethylidene)-hydrazino]-thiazol-4-yl} coumarins and study their spectral and molecular properties by using the spectroscopy and molecular modeling techniques.Methods: Spectroscopy and Molecular modeling techniquesResults: The spectral behavior of 3-{2-[N'-(1-Pyridin-2-yl-ethylidene)-hydrazino]-thiazol-4-yl} coumarins (1.1-1.3) in aqueous buffers of varied pH is presented. Spectrophotometry was utilized to study its proton and electron transfer characteristics with the support of molecular modeling studies. An excellent analytical method of assaying of (1.1-1.3) has been developed in Spectrophotometry at pH = 6. Molecular modeling on various acid-base conjugates of (1.1-1.3) and their several conformers has been carried out to arrive at the thermodynamic and conformational issues to correlate the spectral and electrochemical observations.Conclusion: Electron transfer (ET) has been increasingly implicated as a biochemical pathway for the pharmacologic action of a variety of biological active compounds. These studies helps to understand the active form of the biological active compounds may have a catalytic function as an intermediary in passing electrons from a donor, such as DNA, protein, or an ET chain, to an acceptor, thereby exercising an influence on normal or aberrant ET chains, ion movements, membrane potentials, and oxidative stress. The actual agent may be the biological active compounds itself or a derived metabolite, such as a metal complex, oxidative product, or protonated form

Dean flow-coupled inertial focusing in curved channels

Passive particle focusing based on inertial microfluidics was recently introduced as a high-throughput alternative to active focusing methods that require an external force field to manipulate particles. In inertial microfluidics, dominant inertial forces cause particles to move across streamlines and occupy equilibrium positions along the faces of walls in flows through straight micro channels. In this study, we systematically analyzed the addition of secondary Dean forces by introducing curvature and show how randomly distributed particles entering a simple u-shaped curved channel are focused to a fixed lateral position exiting the curvature. We found the lateral particle focusing position to be fixed and largely independent of radius of curvature and whether particles entering the curvature are pre-focused (at equilibrium) or randomly distributed. Unlike focusing in straight channels, where focusing typically is limited to channel cross-sections in the range of particle size to create single focusing point, we report here particle focusing in a large cross-section area (channel aspect ratio 1: 10). Furthermore, we describe a simple u-shaped curved channel, with single inlet and four outlets, for filtration applications. We demonstrate continuous focusing and filtration of 10 mu m particles (with > 90% filtration efficiency) from a suspension mixture at throughputs several orders of magnitude higher than flow through straight channels (volume flow rate of 4.25ml/min). Finally, as an example of high throughput cell processing application, white blood cells were continuously processed with a filtration efficiency of 78% with maintained high viability. We expect the study will aid in the fundamental understanding of flow through curved channels and open the door for the development of a whole set of bio-analytical applications

Eco-friendly and versatile brominating reagent prepared from a liquid bromine precursor

Facile bromination of various organic substrates has been demonstrated with a 2 : 1 bromide:bromate reagent prepared from the alkaline intermediate of the conventional bromine recovery process. The reagent is acidified in situ to generate HOBr as the reactive species, which effects bromination. Aromatic substrates that have been successfully brominated under ambient conditions without use of any catalyst include phenols, anilines, aromatic ethers and even benzene. Non-aromatic compounds bearing active methylene group were monobrominated selectively with the present reagent and olefinic compounds were converted into the corresponding bromohydrins in moderate yields. By obtaining the present reagent from the liquid bromine precursor, the twin advantages of avoiding liquid bromine and producing the reagent in a cost-effective manner are realised. When coupled with the additional advantage of high bromine atom efficiency, the present protocol becomes attractive all the way from "cradle to grave"

3D Bioprinting of Multi-Material Decellularized Liver Matrix Hydrogel at Physiological Temperatures

Bioprinting is an acclaimed technique that allows the scaling of 3D architectures in an organized pattern but suffers from a scarcity of appropriate bioinks. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) from xenogeneic species has garnered support as a biomaterial to promote tissue-specific regeneration and repair. The prospect of developing dECM-based 3D artificial tissue is impeded by its inherent low mechanical properties. In recent years, 3D bioprinting of dECM-based bioinks modified with additional scaffolds has advanced the development of load-bearing constructs. However, previous attempts using dECM were limited to low-temperature bioprinting, which is not favorable for a longer print duration with cells. Here, we report the development of a multi-material decellularized liver matrix (dLM) bioink reinforced with gelatin and polyethylene glycol to improve rheology, extrudability, and mechanical stability. This shear-thinning bioink facilitated extrusion-based bioprinting at 37 °C with HepG2 cells into a 3D grid structure with a further enhancement for long-term applications by enzymatic crosslinking with mushroom tyrosinase. The heavily crosslinked structure showed a 16-fold increase in viscosity (2.73 Pa s−1) and a 32-fold increase in storage modulus from the non-crosslinked dLM while retaining high cell viability (85–93%) and liver-specific functions. Our results show that the cytocompatible crosslinking of dLM bioink at physiological temperatures has promising applications for extended 3D-printing procedures. © 2022 by the authors