Synthetic seeds: A review in agriculture and forestry

Production of synthetic seeds has unraveled new vistas in in vitro plant propagation technology, because it offers many useful advantages on a commercial scale for the propagation of a variety of crop plants. These tools provide methods for production of synthetic seeds for conversion into plantlets under in vitro and in vivo conditions. This technology is useful for multiplying and conserving the elite agricultural and endangered medicinal plant species, which are difficult to regenerate through conventional methods and natural seeds. The synthetic seed technology was developed in different economically important plant species such as vegetable crops, forage legumes, industrially important crops, cereals, spices, plantation crops, fruit crops, ornamental plants, orchids, medicinal plants and wood yielding forest trees etc. All these aspects are presented in this review.Key words: Synthetic seeds, in vitro, in vivo plant propagation

STUDY OF HRCT CHEST FINDINGS AND SEVERITY SCORE IN COVID-19 PATIENTS AND ITS CORRELATION WITH CLINICAL AND LABORATORY PARAMETERS

Objectives: High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) refers to a CT scan that gives a more precise cross-section image of the lungs than a regular chest CT and chest X-ray. HRCT chest uses specific technologies for better image resolution with exquisite lung details ideal for assessment. This modality can be applied in diagnosing and grading severity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. HRCT is more sensitive and accurate in diagnosing diffuse lung disease. Since HRCT can detect even small nodules in the lungs, it can detect severe abnormalities at an early stage of the infection and help to plan appropriate treatment. The aim of the study was to study HRCT chest findings in patients with COVID-19 infection and correlation with clinical and laboratory parameters.   Methods: This was a prospective and retrospective observational study done for duration of 1 year, that is, from June 2020 to May 2021 in the Department of Radio-diagnosis at Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Tiruporur-Guduvancherry, Main Road, Ammapettai, Nellikuppam, Kancheepuram district on 235 COVID-19 positive patients. Results: The typical findings were ground glass opacity + reticular pattern (GGO +crazy paving) noted 50.2% moderate cases and 13.2% severe cases. The mild group (CT-SS of 1–8) consisted of 56 patients (23.83%), moderate group (CT-SS of 9–12) consisted of 143 (60.85%) patients where as severe group (CT-SS of >13) was composed of 36 (15.32%). Conclusion: HRCT chest plays an important role in early identification of the COVID-19 infection. HRCT severity score helps to the patients in guiding the treatment and monitor disease progression

Experimental Investigation of Ice Accretion Effect On NACA 0018 Airfoil

Accretion of ice on aircraft wing is one of the most significant hazards to the safe and efficient operation of aircraft as it can reduce aircraft performance in a number of ways. Ice particles adhere to the wing surfaces and become a part of the wings itself. This tends to change the profile of airplane wings and degrades their aerodynamic properties. It reduces aircraft efficiency by increasing weight, reducing lift, decreasing thrust, and increasing drag. The present work focuses on the aerodynamic performance of a twin horn iced airfoil. In this, an artificial twin horn iced wooden layer is fabricated out of soft wood material which is mounted onto a NACA 0018 Airfoil which is suitable to test in the 30cm×30cm test section of low speed wind tunnel with different angles of attack from -20˚ to 20˚ for an increment of 5˚. Experiments are carried out to study static pressure distribution, drag and lift variations over blank airfoil and Twin Horn Iced Airfoil. Raw data from the wind tunnel is processed and pressure, lift and drag coefficients are calculated using mathematical equations. The aerodynamic performance of a blank airfoil proved to be considerably better compared to twin horn iced airfoil

Impact Analysis of a Car Bumper For Various Speeds Using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Poly Ether Imide and S2 Glass Epoxy Materials By Solid Works software

Abstract Bumper is one of the main parts which are used as protection for passengers from front and rear collision. The aim of this study was to analyze and study the structure and material employed for car bumper in one of the car manufacturer. In this study, the most important variables like material, structures, shapes and impact conditions are studied for analysis of the bumper beam in order to improve the crash worthiness during collision. The simulation of a bumper is characterized by impact modelling using Pro/Engineer, impact analysis is done by SOILD WORKS according to the speed that is 13.3 m/sec (48 km/h) given in order to analyze the results. This speed is according to regulations of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, FMVSS 208 Occupant Crash Protection whereby the purpose and scope of this standard specifies requirements to afford impact protection for passengers. In this research, analysis is done for speed according to regulations and also by increasing speed is33.3 m/sec (120 km/h). Simulation using Finite Element Analysis software, which is SOILD WORKS, was conducted. The material used for bumper is CARBON FIBER-REINFORCED POLY-ETHER-IMIDE PEI and S2 Glass Epoxy

OPTIMIZED PLANT TISSUE CULTURE PROTOCOL FOR IN VITRO MORPHOGENESIS OF AN ENDANGERED MEDICINAL HERB Ceropegia ensifolia Bedd.

In the present study effect of different concentrations of sucrose and Thidiazuron (TDZ) on in vitro morphogenesis of C. ensifolia was investigated and rapid micropropagation protocol was developed from in vitro derived nodal explants. Among the sucrose concentrations tested, medium concentration (3%) of sucrose induced maximum number of healthy shoots (6.5±0.68). The shoots formed in this concentration are normal and elongated rapidly. Whereas at higher concentrations delayed shoot induction with stout shoots stunted in their growth was observed. Among different concentrations of TDZ tested healthy shoots with well developed leaves were formed in lower concentration i.e. 0.2 mg/l. the number of shoots formed in this concentration was limited to 3.6±0.18 shoots/explant. The shoots raised in vitro were best rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in combination with 0.05 mg/l 6-Benzyladenine (BAP). The maximum root induction (84%) with mean number of roots  of 6.7±0.26 and with mean root length 3.5±0.28 cm was observed after six weeks of inoculation. Complete plantlets developed in vitro were acclimatized successfully with 85% survival in field conditions.

Micropropagation of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Stemona tuberosa</i> Lour.—An endangered and rare medicinal plant in Eastern Ghats of India

420-424An in vitro technique of multiple plantlet regeneration was developed for conservation of endangered wild medicinal plant Stemona tuberosa Lour.. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 7.0 mg/L Kn (kinetin) was found to be the optimum for axillary bud proliferation and multiple shoot induction. Excision and culture of nodal segments from the in vitro-shoots on medium containing 7.0 mg/L Kn and 4.0 mg/L TDZ (thidiazuron) showed maximum number of shoot multiplication with 7.10±0.37 shoots/node. Rapid shoot growth with simultaneous tuberous root formation was also observed in the same concentration. Shoots developed were rooted best on ½ strength MS with 1.0 mg/L IAA (indole acetic acid). Plantlets established in pots exhibited 85% survival. Plantlets successfully established in field exhibited morphological characters identical to mother plants. </span