Distribución geográfica de la Tuberculosis Humana y Bovina e identificación de especies en el Estado de México

La tuberculosis es una enfermedad crónica e infecciosa que persiste en la población humana y bovina. Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica han sido utilizados en los últimos años para identificar la distribución espacial y temporal de la tuberculosis humana y bovina. Actualmente las herramientas de biología molecular son muy útiles para identificar las principales especies del género Mycobacterium involucradas en infecciones. En 1992 Roller y col. identificaron un marcador filogenético presente en el gen rRNA 23S de las bacterias Gram positivas con alto contenido de guanina y citosina como las micobacterias, sin embargo para la identificación de bacterias el gen rRNA 16S es el más utilizado, debido a que está presente universalmente en las células procariotas. El objetivo de la presente tesis fue identificar la distribución geográfica de la tuberculosis humana y bovina, así como la especie del género Mycobaterium predominante en las zonas de muestreo del Estado de México. Se utilizaron las bases de datos del Registro Nacional de Casos de Tuberculosis humana y de los hatos positivos a tuberculosis bovina reportados por el Comité de Fomento y Protección Pecuaria del Estado de México, esta información fue analizada con el estadístico SCAN para determinar su distribución geográfica. Los resultados del estadístico SCAN se tomaron como referencia para seleccionar las zonas de muestreo. Se recolectaron muestras de esputo en humanos y muestras de leche y exudado nasal en bovinos. Las muestras se inocularon en diferentes medios de cultivo selectivos para micobacterias; a las cepas aisladas se les amplificó el marcador filogenético antes descrito, las cepas que lo presentaron fueron identificadas por secuenciación y comparación del gen rRNA 16S. Los resultados del estadístico SCAN indican que tanto la tuberculosis humana como la tuberculosis bovina no se distribuyen aleatoriamente en el Estado de México. Se aislaron 10 cepas de pacientes, de las cuales nueve presentaron una semejanza del 100% con los integrantes del complejo tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti y M. caprae). Una cepa tuvo semejanza del 99.9% con Mycobacterium conceptionense. De las muestras de bovinos, seis de las 13 cepas aisladas tuvieron una semejanza del 99% con Mycobacterium neoaurum, cuatro con el 99% con M. parafortuitum, dos con el 99% con M. morikaense y las restante un 99% con M. confluentis

Temas selectos de biomedicina en Ciencias de la Salud

trabajos de investigación en forma de capítulos individuales, los cuales abordan temas de aplicación de la nanotecnología en las ciencias odontológicas, cómo mejorar la experiencia del paciente que acude a la consulta odontológica, los efectos de la dieta en caries dental y enfermedades crónicas degenerativas como la diabetes mellitus; asimismo, la actividad física en la condición de salud y nutrición de los adolescentes, microbiología médica y diversos tópicos relacionados con la psicología de la salud, desde el comportamiento de los médicos y estudiantes de medicina con respecto a sus pacientes, hasta la relación de pareja, la salud mental laboral, la actitud de los pacientes ante la presencia de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas y la recuperación de la salud mental después del abuso sexual

¿Qué son los determinantes sociales de la salud?

Resumen La salud se ha convertido en un punto primordial de debate, tanto a nivel internacional como nacional, así como en la piedra de toque para las instituciones gubernamentales y de diversos organismos internacionales, dirigidos hacia el desarrollo y a evitar las desigualdades en salud entre los países como al interior de los mismos. En dichos debates persiste el enfoque biomédico, que da una visión reducida de la realidad de la salud y enfermedad, al dejar fuera del análisis el contexto en que la vida de las personas se desarrolla, favoreciendo la permanencia de las desigualdades en salud. El enfoque de los determinantes sociales de la salud ha evidenciado la urgente necesidad de retomar las condiciones de vida de las personas para comprender debidamente el proceso de la salud y enfermedad, y brindar así respuestas más adecuadas que mejoren las condiciones de salud de la población y modifiquen las inequidades. Sin embargo, aún se tiene un desconocimiento sobre su concepto y cómo integrar este enfoque en las políticas de salud. Abstract Health has become a key point of discussion both at the international and national levels, as well as in the touchstone for government institutions and various international organizations, directed towards development and to avoid inequalities in health both among countries and inside them. In these discussion the biomedical approach persists, which gives a reduced view of the reality of health and disease, leaving out of the analysis the context in which people’s lives develop, favoring the permanence of inequalities in health. The focus of the Social Determinants of Health has evidenced the urgent need to consider the living conditions of the people to properly understand the health and disease process and thus provide more adequate responses that improve the health conditions of the population and modify the inequities. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about their concept and even more about how to integrate this approach into health policies. &nbsp

First report of multi-resistant Escherichia fergusonii isolated from children under two months of age in an Intensive Care Unit

Background: Gram-negative bacilli are primarily responsible for the most common pediatric infections. Frequently, Escherichia fergusonii is identified as E. coli because of its close genetic proximity. Objectives: We aimed at the isolation and identification of multi-resistant strains of E. fergusonii, affecting children under two months of age. Methods: Strains were isolated from infectious processes and were identified phenotypically and molecularly. The microdilution method (MicroScan, autoSCAN-4) and the disk diffusion method (modified Kirby Bauer) were used to analyze antibiotic susceptibility. Results: Strains isolated were multi-resistant. Molecular identification provided the correct taxonomic assignment. Escherichia fergusonii strains were wrongly identified as E. coli with the phenotypic identification method. In addition, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were identified. The best sensitivity results were obtained with Ceftazidime/avibactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam. Conclusions: We provided the first report of isolation and identification of multi-resistant E. fergusonii strains affecting children under two months of age in a neonatal intensive care unit

Draft Genome Sequence of Saccharomonospora sp. Strain LRS4.154, a Moderately Halophilic Actinobacterium with the Biotechnologically Relevant Polyketide Synthase and Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Systems

The draft genome sequence of Saccharomonospora sp. strain LRS4.154, a moderately halophilic actinobacterium, has been determined. The genome has 4,860,108 bp, a G+C content of 71.0%, and 4,525 open reading frames (ORFs). The clusters of PKS and NRPS genes, responsible for the biosynthesis of a large number of biomolecules, were identified in the genome.España, Ministerio de Economía e Innovación grant number CGL2013-46941-

Antibacterial activity of Nocardia spp. and Streptomyces sp. on multidrug-resistant pathogens causing neonatal sepsis

Neonatal sepsis leads to severe morbidity and occasionally death among neonates within the first week following birth, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Empirical therapy includes antibiotics recommended by WHO. However, these have been ineffective against antimicrobial multidrug-resistant bacterial strains such as Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus species. To counter this problem, new molecules and alternative sources of compounds with antibacterial activity are sought as options. Actinobacteria, particularly pathogenic strains, have revealed a biotechnological potential still underexplored. This study aimed to determine the presence of biosynthetic gene clusters and the antimicrobial activity of actinobacterial strains isolated from clinical cases against multidrug-resistant bacteria implicated in neonatal sepsis. In total, 15 strains isolated from clinical cases of actinomycetoma were used. PCR screening for the PKS-I, PKS-II, NRPS-I, and NRPS-II biosynthetic systems determined their secondary metabolite-producing potential. The strains were subsequently assayed for antimicrobial activity by the perpendicular cross streak method against Escherichia fergusonii Sec 23, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae H1064, Klebsiella variicola H776, Klebsiella oxytoca H793, and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae H7595, previously classified as multidrug-resistant. Finally, the strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. It was found that 100% of the actinobacteria had biosynthetic systems. The most frequent biosynthetic system was NRPS-I (100%), and the most frequent combination was NRPS-I and PKS-II (27%). All 15 strains showed antimicrobial activity. The strain with the highest antimicrobial activity was Streptomyces albus 94.1572, as it inhibited the growth of the five multidrug-resistant bacteria evaluated

Genetic variability of the 16S rRNA gene of Nocardia brasiliensis, the most common causative agent of actinomycetoma in Latin America and the Caribbean

Mycetoma is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016. It is characterized by the progressive growth of nodules and granulomatous lesions on the legs, arms, and trunk. It is potentially disfiguring and causes disability or amputations in working-age people from marginalized areas. The causative agents can be fungi (eumycetoma) or actinobacteria (actinomycetoma), the latter being the most common in America and Asia. Nocardia brasiliensis is the most important causal agent of actinomycetoma in the Americas. Taxonomic problems have been reported when identifying this species, so this study aimed to detect the 16S rRNA gene variations in N. brasiliensis strains using an in silico enzymatic restriction technique. The study included strains from clinical cases of actinomycetoma in Mexico, isolated from humans and previously identified as N. brasiliensis by traditional methods. The strains were characterized microscopically and macroscopically, then subjected to DNA extraction and amplification of the 16S rRNA gene by PCR. The amplification products were sequenced, and consensus sequences were constructed and used for genetic identification and in silico restriction enzyme analysis with the New England BioLabs® NEBcutter program. All study strains were molecularly identified as N. brasiliensis; however, in silico restriction analysis detected a diversity in the restriction patterns that were finally grouped and subclassified into 7 ribotypes. This finding confirms the existence of subgroups within N. brasiliensis. The results support the need to consider N. brasiliensis as a complex species

Gut-joint axis: Gut dysbiosis can contribute to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis via multiple pathways

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by loss of immune tolerance and chronic inflammation. It is pathogenesis complex and includes interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Current evidence supports the hypothesis that gut dysbiosis may play the role of environmental triggers of arthritis in animals and humans. Progress in the understanding of the gut microbiome and RA. has been remarkable in the last decade. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that gut dysbiosis could shape the immune system and cause persistent immune inflammatory responses. Furthermore, gut dysbiosis could induce alterations in intestinal permeability, which have been found to predate arthritis onset. In contrast, metabolites derived from the intestinal microbiota have an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effect. However, the precise underlying mechanisms by which gut dysbiosis induces the development of arthritis remain elusive. This review aimed to highlight the mechanisms by which gut dysbiosis could contribute to the pathogenesis of RA. The overall data showed that gut dysbiosis could contribute to RA pathogenesis by multiple pathways, including alterations in gut barrier function, molecular mimicry, gut dysbiosis influences the activation and the differentiation of innate and acquired immune cells, cross-talk between gut microbiota-derived metabolites and immune cells, and alterations in the microenvironment. The relative weight of each of these mechanisms in RA pathogenesis remains uncertain. Recent studies showed a substantial role for gut microbiota-derived metabolites pathway, especially butyrate, in the RA pathogenesis

Pantoea agglomerans in Immunodeficient Patients with Different Respiratory Symptoms

The aim of this paper was to determine in 32 patients from 4 different Mexican hospitals the frequency of opportunistic bacteria in the 2010 to 2011 time period. The patients were divided in 4 groups. Group 1 included 21 HIV positive patients with acute respiratory syndrome. Four HIV positive patients with tuberculosis symptoms were included in Group 2; two patients with tuberculosis symptoms and one asymptomatic person formed Group 3. Reference Group 4 included 4 patients from whom 4 strains of Mycobacterium spp. had been reported. The strains were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA gene amplification, API 20E and 50CH, biochemical test, and antibiotic sensitivity. The strains found were 10 Pantoea agglomerans, 6 Mycobacterium spp., 6 Pseudomonas spp. and 10 strains of normal floral species: Thermoactinomycetes bacterium (1), Enterococcus faecium (2), Bacillus licheniformis (1), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (2), Streptococcus oralis (2), Streptococcus anginosus (1), and Enterobacter hormaechei (1)