Formación ética como objetivo transversal de la escuela

This article analyzes the results of research carried out to explore how do we approach the solution to moral dilemmas, to understand its repercussions on the understanding of ethical and moral training, and its contributions to education of soft-skills in the education system. Nurtured by research such as ICCS - 2016, this study describes concerns related to the justification of dictatorships, mistrust in state justice, and the lack of sympathy for the failure of others. This inquiry leads us to acknowledge the contributions of moral philosophy, moral psychology, and neuroscience, to learn about the most appropriate way to implement transversal-skills education, as well as ethical and moral training, nevertheless, this time from the emotional and rational point of view. This is an interesting approach given the situation of societies such as Chile, which are currently rethinking the democratic foundations left by the former civic-military dictatorship.Este artículo analiza los resultados de investigaciones que exploran cómo abordamos la solución de dilemas morales, todo en aras de comprender sus repercusiones en la comprensión de la formación ética y moral, asimismo sus aportes a la educación transversal en el sistema educativo. Dicho análisis se nutre de investigaciones como la ICCS-2016, que describe aspectos preocupantes relacionados con la justificación de las dictaduras, la desconfianza en la justicia del Estado y la falta de empatía frente al fracaso de los demás. Esta indagación nos lleva a reconocer los aportes de la filosofía moral, la psicología moral y las neurociencias para entender la manera más adecuada de implementar la educación transversal y la formación ética-moral, esta vez desde los ámbitos emocional y racional como ineludibles. Esto resulta interesante dada la situación de sociedades como la chilena, que están en proceso de repensar el fundamento democrático legado por la otrora dictadura cívico-militar

Obesidad en los pacientes con trastornos mentales: aspectos epidemiológicos, etiológicos y prácticos

La obesidad se ha convertido en uno de losprincipales problemas de salud pública a nivelmundial en décadas recientes, con cifras deprevalencia en constante ascenso en todas las poblaciones.Los pacientes con trastornos mentales no escapan a estefenómeno, y son incluso más susceptibles al desarrollo deobesidad. En efecto, la obesidad y sus complicaciones cardiometabólicasrelacionadas -incluyendo la hipertensión arterial,dislipidemias, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y enfermedadcardiovascular- son altamente frecuentes en la atenciónclínica cotidiana del paciente con trastornos mentales. Apesar de esta prominencia, persisten aún numerosas incógnitasen relación a la caracterización epidemiológica y etiopatogénicadel vínculo entre la obesidad y los trastornosmentales. En esta revisión se resumen los conocimientosepidemiológicos y fisiopatológicos actualmente disponiblesreferentes al vínculo entre la obesidad y los trastornos mentales,y se exploran los factores que obstaculizan la investigaciónen esta área. Asimismo, se ofrecen recomendacionesgenerales para el cuidado de la salud cardiometabólicade los pacientes con trastornos mentales, con base en lasevidencias actualmente disponibles

Study on multi-ELVES in the Pierre Auger Observatory

Since 2013, the four sites of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory record ELVES with a dedicated trigger. These UV light emissions are correlated to distant lightning strikes. The length of recorded traces has been increased from 100 μs (2013), to 300 μs (2014-16), to 900 μs (2017-present), to progressively extend the observation of the light emission towards the vertical of the causative lightning and beyond. A large fraction of the observed events shows double ELVES within the time window, and, in some cases, even more complex structures are observed. The nature of the multi-ELVES is not completely understood but may be related to the different types of lightning in which they are originated. For example, it is known that Narrow Bipolar Events can produce double ELVES, and Energetic In-cloud Pulses, occurring between the main negative and upper positive charge layer of clouds, can induce double and even quadruple ELVES in the ionosphere. This report shows the seasonal and daily dependence of the time gap, amplitude ratio, and correlation between the pulse widths of the peaks in a sample of 1000+ multi-ELVES events recorded during the period 2014-20. The events have been compared with data from other satellite and ground-based sensing devices to study the correlation of their properties with lightning observables such as altitude and polarity

Combined fit to the spectrum and composition data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory including magnetic horizon effects

The measurements by the Pierre Auger Observatory of the energy spectrum and mass composition of cosmic rays can be interpreted assuming the presence of two extragalactic source populations, one dominating the flux at energies above a few EeV and the other below. To fit the data ignoring magnetic field effects, the high-energy population needs to accelerate a mixture of nuclei with very hard spectra, at odds with the approximate E$^{-2}$ shape expected from diffusive shock acceleration. The presence of turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields in the region between the closest sources and the Earth can significantly modify the observed CR spectrum with respect to that emitted by the sources, reducing the flux of low-rigidity particles that reach the Earth. We here take into account this magnetic horizon effect in the combined fit of the spectrum and shower depth distributions, exploring the possibility that a spectrum for the high-energy population sources with a shape closer to E$^{-2}$ be able to explain the observations