Ciliates as Symbionts

Although many ciliates are free-living, more than 140 families of ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) include symbiotic species of animals. Symbiosis, defined as an interaction between two species, is analyzed in this chapter to show a wide diversity of symbiotic systems in ciliates (epibiosis, commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism), providing some data about ciliate strategies showing their success as symbionts. Some species are free-living as well symbionts, facultative symbionts, and obligate symbionts. Analysis of reconstructions of ancestral state evidence that the parasitism arose numerous times and independently among the lineages of ciliates. At least three evolutionary routes can be traced: (1) transition from free-living to mutualism and parasitism, (2) transition from free-living to parasitism, and (3) regression from parasitism to free-living. The evolution of the symbiosis in ciliates demonstrates a higher diversification rate concerning free-living ciliates. The analysis of the evolution of the life cycles complexity, exploring molecular data of the phases of the ciliate cycle in their hosts is also essential. We propose new approaches for an integrative study of symbiotic ciliates

Eficiencia de trampas pitlight con led para el muestreo de coleoptera nocturnos (insecta) en selvas tropicales

In this study, with the aim to provide more efficient tools for insect monitoring, we test the efficiency of pitlight traps with light-emitting diodes (LED) in captures of nocturnal Coleoptera from a tropical forest. Under the hypothesis that pitlights are more efficient and that insects would be mainly attracted by shorter and higher frequency wavelengths, families and morphospecies diversity obtained with passive pitfall and pitlight traps of three different colors (blue, white and yellow light) was compared. In addition, with the purpose to analyze the necessary time to obtain a significant sample of Coleoptera, sampling was carried out in two nocturnal periods of five hours. Captures with pitlight traps were noticeably superior to that with passive pitfalls and, even though there were no significant differences between richness, abundance and diversity values obtained for three color of LED (blue, white, yellow), not even among both nocturnal sampling periods, we found a high dissimilarity in morphospecies composition among them. Pitlight traps with LED are a simple, portable and inexpensive method able to obtain an efficient and significant capture in short time periods, so we recommend their use for the inventory of Coleoptera communities.RESUMEN. Se evaluó el uso de trampas de caída con luz portables (pitlight) con diodos emisores de luz (LED) para la captura de Coleoptera nocturnos en una selva tropical, con la finalidad de proveer herramientas eficientes para el monitoreo de insectos. Se comparó la diversidad de familias y morfoespecies recolectada con trampas de caída pasivas (pitfall) y con trampas de caída con luz (pitlight) de tresdistintas longitudes de onda (azul, blanca y amarilla), bajo la hipótesis de que las trampas pitlight son más eficientes, y que los insectos serán más atraídos por las longitudes de onda más cortas y de alta frecuencia. Además, el muestreo se dividió en dos períodos nocturnos de cinco horas, con el objetivo de analizar el tiempo necesario para obtener una colecta significativa. Las recolectas con trampas pitlight fueron notablemente superiores a las pitfall pasivas, y aunque no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los valores de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de coleópteros obtenidos con tres colores de LED (azul, blanco, amarillo), ni entre los horarios nocturnos de recolecta, sí se observó una alta disimilitud en la composición de morfoespecies entre los distintos tratamientos. Las trampas pitlight con LED son un método sencillo, portátil y económico que es capaz de obtener una captura eficiente y representativa en periodos de tiempo muy cortos, por lo quese recomienda su uso para el inventario de comunidades de insectos.

Tokophrya quadripartita

<i>Tokophrya quadripartita</i> (Claparède & Lachmann, 1859) <p>Body pyramidal with four prominent actinophores, one at each corner of the apical region, each bearing a fascicle of capitate tentacles; the macronucleus is spherical and located centrally; the contractile vacuole is located apically; the stalk is long, thin and smooth.</p> <p> <i>Known previous records. Tokophrya quadripartita</i> has been recorded on <i>Cambarellus</i> (<i>Cambarellus</i>) <i>zempoalensis</i> (cited as <i>Cambarellus montezumae zempoalensis</i>) (Cambaridae) in Lake Zempoala, Morelos, Mexico (López-Ochoterena & Ochoa-Gasca 1971) and on <i>Cambarellus</i> (<i>Cambarellus) patzcuarensis</i> (cited as <i>Cambarellus patzcuarensis</i>) in Lake Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico (Mayén-Estrada & Aladro-Lubel 1998).</p> <p> It has also been recorded on <i>Cyclops</i> sp., <i>Limnocalanus macrurus macrurus</i> Sars G.O., 1863 (cited as <i>Limnocalanus macrurus</i>), <i>Epischura lacustris</i> Forbes S.A., 1882, <i>Eucyclops agilis agilis</i> (cited as <i>Eucyclops agilis</i>), <i>Diacyclops bicuspidatus</i> (cited as <i>Cyclops bicuspidatus</i>) and on <i>Pontastacus leptodactylus</i> (cited as <i>Astacus leptodactylus</i>) (Curds 1985b; Matthes & Guhl 1988; Fernandez-Leborans & Tato-Porto 2000). Dovgal (2013) recorded <i>T. quadripartita</i> on <i>Asellus</i> (<i>Asellus</i>) <i>aquaticus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) (cited as <i>Asellus aquaticus</i>) and on <i>Pontastacus leptodactylus</i> (cited as <i>Astacus leptodactylus</i>).</p>Published as part of <i>Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya & Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura, 2019, Suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of decapods of families Cambaridae and Pseudothelphusidae, pp. 384-392 in Zootaxa 4648 (2)</i> on page 389, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4648.2.11, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3354798">http://zenodo.org/record/3354798</a&gt

Podophrya sandi Collin 1911

Podophrya sandi Collin, 1911 The body is spherical with capitate tentacles distributed over the entire body surface; the spherical macronucleus and the contractile vacuole are located centrally of the body. Known previous records. Podophrya sandi has been reported on the crayfish Cambarellus (Cambarellus) patzcuarensis (cited as Cambarellus patzcuarensis) (Cambaridae) in Lake Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico (Mayén-Estrada & Aladro-Lubel 1998).Published as part of Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya & Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura, 2019, Suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of decapods of families Cambaridae and Pseudothelphusidae, pp. 384-392 in Zootaxa 4648 (2) on page 390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4648.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/335479

Podophrya Ehrenberg 1834

GENUS <i>Podophrya</i> Ehrenberg, 1834 <p> <b> <i>Podophrya maupasi</i> Butschli</b> , <b>1889</b></p> <p> The body is spherical with 16 tentacles distributed over the entire body surface; without a lorica; the stalk is about the same length as the trophont; the macronucleus is spherical and is situated in the central part of the body; contractile vacuole near to the apical region. <i>Known previous records.</i> There are no worldwide previous records on crustaceans, this is the first.</p>Published as part of <i>Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya & Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura, 2019, Suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of decapods of families Cambaridae and Pseudothelphusidae, pp. 384-392 in Zootaxa 4648 (2)</i> on page 390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4648.2.11, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3354798">http://zenodo.org/record/3354798</a&gt

Suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of decapods of families Cambaridae and Pseudothelphusidae

Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya, Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura (2019): Suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of decapods of families Cambaridae and Pseudothelphusidae. Zootaxa 4648 (2): 384-392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4648.2.1

Trichophrya epistylidis Claparede & Lachmann 1859

<i>Trichophrya epistylidis</i> Claparède & Lachmann, 1859 <p>Body shape irregular with six fascicles, each of which bears approximately 12 capitate tentacles; the macronucleus is branched; about twelve contractile vacuoles arranged in the periphery of the cell.</p> <p> <i>Known previous records.</i> There are no worldwide previous records on families Cambaridae and Pseudothelphusidae. On other crustaceans this species was previously recorded on <i>Asellus</i> sp., <i>Gammarus</i> sp., <i>Carinogammarus</i> sp. and on <i>Pontastacus leptodactylus</i> (cited as <i>Astacus leptodactylus</i>) (Matthes & Guhl 1988; Fernandez-Leborans & Tato-Porto 2000).</p>Published as part of <i>Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya & Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura, 2019, Suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of decapods of families Cambaridae and Pseudothelphusidae, pp. 384-392 in Zootaxa 4648 (2)</i> on page 390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4648.2.11, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3354798">http://zenodo.org/record/3354798</a&gt

Discophrya ordesae Ramírez-Ballesteros 2017, sp. n.

Description of <i>Discophrya ordesae</i> Fernández-Leborans & Valladolid, sp. n. <p> <b> <i>Derivatio nominis</i>:</b> from Ordesa valley (Pyrenees, Comunity of Aragón, Spain).</p> <p>Ciliate suctorians located mainly in ventral areas of abdomen and thorax (in this case between legs), in number of 1–2, rarely 3 individuals per basibiont (Figure 5). Fanlike body (222–238 µm long, and 255–277 µm wide) with distal end uniformly rounded and proximal end strait and connected to the stalk (Figures 6–7).</p> <p>Body very flattened. Distal edge of the lorica double with capitate tentacles inserted (135–148), of variable length (Figures 8–9) as they are retracted or not (5.3–15.5 µm retracted; 27.2–102.2 extended).</p> <p>Stalk short (86.3–97.2 µm) and thick. Distal end of stalk joining to the basibiont by a slightly expanded region. Proximal part of the stalk continued by a lorica (stylotheca) with thick edge and strong surrounding the cellular body. Macronucleus located in the middle of body (Figure 10–11), oval or rounded (100.4–125 µm long, 109.3– 127 µm wide).</p> <p>In several specimens, larval kineties may be observed in the centre of the body (Figure 12), with the cilia protruding laterally, probably constituting the development of the swarmer on brood pouch (Table 4). Evaginative budding.</p> <p> <b>Registration numbers:</b> MNCN 39.04/5-39.04/7.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> It was found attached to ventral area, mainly in abdomen, of <i>Hydraena delia</i> and <i>H. truncata</i> (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae). From Yaga river (Table 2).</p>Published as part of <i>Fernández-Leborans, Gregorio, Valladolid, María, Arauzo, Mercedes, Millán, Andrés, Gabilondo, Regina, Gallardo, Manuela, Jiménez, Luis & Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya, 2017, Epibionts on Hydraena species (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae) from high mountain rivers of Pyrenees (Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park), with the description of a new species, pp. 79-94 in Zootaxa 4317 (1)</i> on pages 85-88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4317.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/880068">http://zenodo.org/record/880068</a&gt

Tokophrya stenostyla Hamilton & Jahn

Description of <i>Tokophrya cf. stenostyla</i> Hamilton & Jahn <p>The suctorians analyzed (Figures 2–3) had an oval elongated body (51–53 µm long, 20–42 µm wide). In several individuals there was a cap-shaped region protruding from the front end of the body. The posterior end of the body was truncated just above the junction of the stalk. Tentacles spread at the distal end, not grouped in actinophores. There were 20–25 tentacles, directly attached to the surface of the ciliate. The stalk was long (105–121 µm), and its posterior end was widen slightly in attachment with substrate. The anterior end showed a widening near the body, composed by an unequal double ring. The macronucleus was spherical or oval (19–29 µm long, 17–27 µm wide), located in the middle or slightly towards the anterior half of the body (Table 3).</p> <p> <b>Registration numbers:</b> MNCN 39.04/2-39.04/4</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> They were found attached principally to the dorsal area (Figure 4) of elytra of several species of <i>Hydraena</i>: <i>H. delia, H. subimpressa</i> and <i>H. truncata</i> (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae). Found in rivers Bellós and Yaga. (Table 2).</p>Published as part of <i>Fernández-Leborans, Gregorio, Valladolid, María, Arauzo, Mercedes, Millán, Andrés, Gabilondo, Regina, Gallardo, Manuela, Jiménez, Luis & Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya, 2017, Epibionts on Hydraena species (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae) from high mountain rivers of Pyrenees (Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park), with the description of a new species, pp. 79-94 in Zootaxa 4317 (1)</i> on page 83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4317.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/880068">http://zenodo.org/record/880068</a&gt