Determinación de relaciones nivel – caudal simple o compleja en un río. Caso del río Cauca

(Eng) The stage – discharge relationship in a river, or rating curve, is very useful because it allows calculating the discharg - es from measured stages or water levels in a gauge station. For a nearly steady regime a discharge corresponds to a water level (simple relationship). However, frequently different circumstances can originate a complex relation between waters levels and discharges and then a discharge can be referred to two water levels and vice versa. In this study, simple and complex rating curves were determined in La Balsa hydrometric station, located 27 km downstream of Salvajina reservoir (Cauca river, Colombia). The simple curve was calculated by applying the log - arithmic method, which allows identifying the characteristics of the type of control that determines the water level – discharge relationship. The complex curve was calculated by using the method of storage per unit rate of variation in water levels, which allows adjusting the discharge obtained with the rating curve for steady flow considering a storage due to the variation in the level. The results show significant differences in the estimated discharges through the two relationships. By applying the two rating curves for a moderate flood (01/01/1999) differences up to 19% were estimated between both calculated discharges. In consequence, in order to get the appropriated rating curve it should to carry out a rigorous analysis of the flow conditions on the river reaches of the hydrometric station.(Spa) La relación nivel de agua – caudal en un río, denominada también curva de calibración, es de gran utilidad práctica pues permite estimar los caudales a partir de los niveles registrados en una estación hidrométrica. Cuando el régimen es aproximadamente permanente a cada nivel le corresponde un caudal (relación simple). No obstante, frecuente - mente diferentes circunstancias pueden generar una relación compleja entre los niveles y los caudales, donde un caudal puede estar relacionado con dos niveles de agua y viceversa. En el presente estudio se determinaron las cur - vas de calibración simple y compleja en la estación La Balsa, localizada 27 km aguas abajo del embalse de Salvajina (río Cauca, Colombia). La curva simple se calculó mediante el método logarítmico, el cual permite identificar las características del tipo de control que determina la relación nivel – caudal. La curva compleja se calculó según el método de almacenamiento por unidad de tasa de cambio en los niveles de agua, el cual permite ajustar el caudal obtenido en la curva nivel – caudal para régimen permanente considerando un almacenamiento debido al cambio en el nivel. Los resultados muestran diferencias importantes en los caudales estimados por medio de las dos relaciones. Al aplicar las dos curvas de calibración para una creciente moderada (01/01/1999) se encontraron diferencias hasta de un 19% entre los caudales calculados. En consecuencia, para establecer la curva de calibración nivel-caudal apropiada se debe realizar un análisis riguroso de las condiciones del flujo, tanto en la estación hidrométrica como aguas arriba y aguas abajo de ella

Bridging the Binding Sites : Dualsteric Ligands for the Cannabinoid 2 Receptor (CB2R)

Acknowledgements This project was financially supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under DFG DE1546/10-1). Gratitude is expressed to the International Doctorate Program “Receptor Dynamics” of the Elite Network of Bavaria (ENB) for financial support of A.T. and S.A.M.S. (grant No. K-BM-2013-247). Y.A.R. was granted a scholarship by the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, DAAD) program “Research stays for university academics and scientists.” D.A.R.-S. was awarded a Ph.D. scholarship by the DAAD. J.N.H. was financially supported by NHS Grampian. Furthermore, the authors thank Professor Dr. Kristina Lorenz (Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg) for enabling them to conduct in vitro experiments in her laboratory. Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Multi-scale mechanobiological model for skeletal muscle hypertrophy

Skeletal muscle adaptation is correlated to training exercise by triggering different signaling pathways that target many functions; in particular, the IGF1-AKT pathway controls protein synthesis and degradation. These two functions regulate the adaptation in size and strength of muscles. Computational models for muscle adaptation have focused on: the biochemical description of signaling pathways or the mechanical description of muscle function at organ scale; however, an interrelation between these two models should be considered to understand how an adaptation in muscle size affects the protein synthesis rate. In this research, a dynamical model for the IGF1-AKT signaling pathway is linked to a continuum-mechanical model describing the active and passive mechanical response of a muscle; this model is used to study the impact of the adaptive muscle geometry on the protein synthesis at the fiber scale. This new computational model links the signaling pathway to the mechanical response by introducing a growth tensor, and links the mechanical response to the signaling pathway through the evolution of the protein synthesis rate. The predicted increase in cross sectional area (CSA) due to an 8 weeks training protocol excellently agreed with experimental data. Further, our results show that muscle growth rate decreases, if the correlation between protein synthesis and CSA is negative. The outcome of this study suggests that multi-scale models coupling continuum mechanical properties and molecular functions may improve muscular therapies and training protocols.Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación, ColombiaFederal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaf

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot

Determinación de relaciones nivel – caudal simple o compleja en un río. Caso del río Cauca

The water level – discharge relationship in a river, or rating curve, is very useful because it allows to calculate the discharges from measured water levels in gauge station. For a nearly permanent regime a discharge corresponds to a water level (simple relationship). However, frequently different circumstances and interventions can affect and invalidate this relationship, like a tributary discharging in the river, the backwater created by a control or regulation structure (dam, weir, etc.), floods or the operation of a reservoir. These factors originate a complex relation between waters levels and discharges and then a discharge can be referred to two water levels and vice versa. In this study the single and complex rating curves were determined in La Balsa hydrometric station, located 27 km downstream of Salvajina dam (Cauca river, Colombia). The simple curve was calculated by applying the logarithmic method and the complex curve by using the method of storage per unit rate of change in water levels. The results show significant differences in the estimated discharges through the two relationships. By applying the two rating curves for a moderate flood (01/01/1999) differences up to 19% were estimated between both calculated discharges. In consequence, in order to get the appropriated rating curve it should to carry out a rigorous analysis of the flow conditions on the river reaches of the hydrometric station.La relación nivel de agua – caudal en un río, denominada también curva de calibración, es de gran utilidad práctica pues permite estimar los caudales a partir de los niveles registrados en una estación hidrométrica. Cuando el régimen es aproximadamente permanente a cada nivel le corresponde un caudal (relación simple). No obstante, frecuentemente diferentes circunstancias e intervenciones pueden afectar e invalidar dicha relación, como puede ser la descarga de un tributario, el remanso originado por una estructura de control o regulación (represa, vertedero, etc.), el tránsito de una creciente o la operación de un embalse. Estos factores generan una relación compleja entre los niveles y los caudales, donde un caudal puede estar relacionado con dos niveles de agua y viceversa. En el presente estudio se determinaron las curvas de calibración simple y compleja en la estación La Balsa, localizada 27 km aguas abajo del embalse de Salvajina (río Cauca, Colombia). La curva simple se calculó mediante el método logarítmico y la compleja según el método de almacenamiento por unidad de tasa de cambio en los niveles de agua. Los resultados muestran diferencias importantes en los caudales estimados por medio de las dos relaciones. Al aplicar las dos curvas de calibración para una creciente moderada se encontraron diferencias hasta de un 19% entre los caudales calculados. En consecuencia, para establecer la curva de calibración nivel-caudal apropiada se debe realizar un análisis riguroso de las condiciones del flujo tanto en la estación hidrométrica como aguas arriba y aguas abajo de ella

Responsabilidad social empresarial y su contribución a la biodiversidad en el Caquetá

To d a y CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) is a way of bringing organizations closer to a new awareness and respect for the environmental context. Thus, it can be pointed out that although there are not many secondary sector organizations in the department of Caquetá, there is a large number of villages and farmers' associations dedicated to the extraction of wood, charcoal, fishing, and extensive and low-productive exploitation; This is how the present study shows the need to establish goals focused on describing the importance and impact of CSR on biodiversity in the department of Caquetá in the Amazon, in the same way that the present study takes a qualitative approach because it is It is based on theoretical references and consultations to various national and international databases, where the type of research used is descriptive. As a result, it can be noted that, at the international level, starting in 2015, the United Nations General Assembly has developed a plan with 17 goals, one of which is directly aimed at reducing desertification, protecting, restoring and promoting the sustainability of biological organisms. Where Colombia has developed various programs and strategies for environmental management at the national level, which include payments for nvironmental services, monetary incentives, among others. Finally, at the local level, the study is concentrated in the department of Caquetá, where there is currently a high level of deforestation, which leads to the destruction of biological ecosystems.Hoy la RSE (Responsabilidad Social Empresarial) es una forma de acercar a las organizaciones, empresas e instituciones a una nueva conciencia y respeto por el contexto ambiental. Así, se puede señalar que si bien no existen muchas organizaciones del sector secundario en el departamento de Caquetá, existe una amplia cantidad de veredas y asociaciones de agricultores dedicadas a la extracción de madera, carbón, pesca y ganadería de explotación extensiva y poca productiva; es así como en el presente estudio se muestra la necesidad de establecer metas enfocadas a describir la importancia e impacto de la RSE sobre la biodiversidad en el departamento de Caquetá en la Amazonía, de la misma manera que el presente estudio toma un enfoque cualitativo porque se basa en referencias teóricas y consultas a diversas bases desis datos nacionales e internacionales, en donde el tipo de investigación utilizada es descriptiva. Como resultado, se puede notar que, a nivel internacional, a partir de 2015, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas ha desarrollado un plan con 17 metas, una de las cuales está directamente dirigida a reducir la desertificación, proteger, restaurar y promover la sostenibilidad de los organismos biológicos. En donde Colombia ha desarrollado diversos programas y estrategias de gestión ambiental a nivel nacional, que incluyen pagos por servicios ambientales, incentivos monetarios, entre otros. Finalmente, a nivel local, se concentra el estudio en el departamento del Caquetá en donde en la actualidad existe un alto nivel de deforestación, lo que conduce a la destrucción de ecosistemas biológicos

Corporate social responsibility and its contribution to biodiversity in El Caquetár

Hoy la RSE (Responsabilidad Social Empresarial) es una forma de acercar a las organizaciones, empresas e instituciones a una nueva conciencia y respeto por el contexto ambiental. Así, se puede señalar que si bien no existen muchas organizaciones del sector secundario en el departamento de Caquetá, existe una amplia cantidad de veredas y asociaciones de agricultores dedicadas a la extracción de madera, carbón, pesca y ganadería de explotación extensiva y poca productiva; es así como en el presente estudio se muestra la necesidad de establecer metas enfocadas a describir la importancia e impacto de la RSE sobre la biodiversidad en el departamento de Caquetá en la Amazonía, de la misma manera que el presente estudio toma un enfoque cualitativo porque se basa en referencias teóricas y consultas a diversas bases desis datos nacionales e internacionales, en donde el tipo de investigación utilizada es descriptiva. Como resultado, se puede notar que, a nivel internacional, a partir de 2015, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas ha desarrollado un plan con 17 metas, una de las cuales está directamente dirigida a reducir la desertificación, proteger, restaurar y promover la sostenibilidad de los organismos biológicos. En donde Colombia ha desarrollado diversos programas y estrategias de gestión ambiental a nivel nacional, que incluyen pagos por servicios ambientales, incentivos monetarios, entre otros. Finalmente, a nivel local, se concentra el estudio en el departamento del Caquetá en donde en la actualidad existe un alto nivel de deforestación, lo que conduce a la destrucción de ecosistemas biológicos. Today CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) is a way of bringing organizations closer to a new awareness and respect for the environmental context. Thus, it can be pointed out that although there are not many secondary sector organizations in the department of Caquetá, there is a large number of villages and farmers' associations dedicated to the extraction of wood, charcoal, fishing, and extensive and low-productive exploitation; This is how the present study shows the need to establish goals focused on describing the importance and impact of CSR on biodiversity in the department of Caquetá in the Amazon, in the same way that the present study takes a qualitative approach because it is It is based on theoretical references and consultations to various national and international databases, where the type of research used is descriptive. As a result,it can be noted that, at the international level, starting in 2015, the United Nations General Assembly has developed a plan with 17 goals, one of which is directly aimed at reducing desertification, protecting, restoring and promoting the sustainability ofbiological organisms. Where Colombia has developed various programs and strategies for environmental management at the national level, which include payments forenvironmental services, monetary incentives, among others. Finally, at the local level, the study is concentrated in the department of Caquetá, where there is currently a high level of deforestation, which leads to the destruction of biological ecosystems.&nbsp

Presentation1_Multi-scale mechanobiological model for skeletal muscle hypertrophy.pdf

Skeletal muscle adaptation is correlated to training exercise by triggering different signaling pathways that target many functions; in particular, the IGF1-AKT pathway controls protein synthesis and degradation. These two functions regulate the adaptation in size and strength of muscles. Computational models for muscle adaptation have focused on: the biochemical description of signaling pathways or the mechanical description of muscle function at organ scale; however, an interrelation between these two models should be considered to understand how an adaptation in muscle size affects the protein synthesis rate. In this research, a dynamical model for the IGF1-AKT signaling pathway is linked to a continuum-mechanical model describing the active and passive mechanical response of a muscle; this model is used to study the impact of the adaptive muscle geometry on the protein synthesis at the fiber scale. This new computational model links the signaling pathway to the mechanical response by introducing a growth tensor, and links the mechanical response to the signaling pathway through the evolution of the protein synthesis rate. The predicted increase in cross sectional area (CSA) due to an 8 weeks training protocol excellently agreed with experimental data. Further, our results show that muscle growth rate decreases, if the correlation between protein synthesis and CSA is negative. The outcome of this study suggests that multi-scale models coupling continuum mechanical properties and molecular functions may improve muscular therapies and training protocols.</p