Haemolysis in G6PD heterozygous females treated with primaquine for Plasmodium vivax malaria: a nested cohort in a trial of radical curative regimens

BACKGROUND: Radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria with 8-aminoquinolines (primaquine or tafenoquine) is complicated by haemolysis in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. G6PD heterozygous females, because of individual variation in the pattern of X-chromosome inactivation (Lyonisation) in erythroid cells, may have low G6PD activity in the majority of their erythrocytes, yet are usually reported as G6PD "normal" by current phenotypic screening tests. Their haemolytic risk when treated with 8-aminoquinolines has not been well characterized. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In a cohort study nested within a randomised clinical trial that compared different treatment regimens for P. vivax malaria, patients with a normal standard NADPH fluorescent spot test result (≳30%-40% of normal G6PD activity) were randomised to receive 3 d of chloroquine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in combination with primaquine, either the standard high dose of 0.5 mg base/kg/day for 14 d or a higher dose of 1 mg base/kg/d for 7 d. Patterns of haemolysis were compared between G6PD wild-type and G6PD heterozygous female participants. Between 21 February 2012 and 04 July 2014, 241 female participants were enrolled, of whom 34 were heterozygous for the G6PD Mahidol variant. Haemolysis was substantially greater and a larger proportion of participants reached the threshold of clinically significant haemolysis (fractional haematocrit reduction >25%) in G6PD heterozygotes taking the higher (7 d) primaquine dose (9/17 [53%]) compared with G6PD heterozygotes taking the standard high (14 d) dose (2/16 [13%]; p = 0.022). In heterozygotes, the mean fractional haematocrit reductions were correspondingly greater with the higher primaquine dose (7-d regimen): -20.4% (95% CI -26.0% to -14.8%) (nadir on day 5) compared with the standard high (14 d) dose: -13.1% (95% CI -17.6% to -8.6%) (nadir day 6). Two heterozygotes taking the higher (7 d) primaquine dose required blood transfusion. In wild-type participants, mean haematocrit reductions were clinically insignificant and similar with both doses: -5.8 (95% CI -7.2% to -4.4%) (nadir day 3) compared with -5.5% (95% CI -7.4% to -3.7%) (nadir day 4), respectively. Limitations to this nested cohort study are that the primary objective of the trial was designed to measure efficacy and not haemolysis in relation to G6PD genotype and that the heterozygote groups were small. CONCLUSION: Higher daily doses of primaquine have the potential to cause clinically significant haemolysis in G6PD heterozygous females who are reported as phenotypically normal with current point of care tests. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01640574

Primaquine induced haemolysis in G6PD heterozygous females treated for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria: a nested cohort study

Background Radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria with 8-aminoquinolines (primaquine or tafenoquine) is complicated by haemolysis in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. G6PD heterozygous females are mosaics who, because of X-chromosome inactivation (Lyonisation), may have low G6PD activity in the majority of their erythrocytes, yet they usually are reported as G6PD “normal” by current phenotypic screening tests. Their haemolytic risk when treated with 8-aminoquinolines has not been well characterized. Methods and Findings \in a cohort study nested within a randomised clinical trial which compared different treatment regimens of Plasmodium vivax malaria, patients with a normal standard NADPH fluorescent spot test result (~>30-40% of normal G6PD activity) were randomised to receive 3 days of chloroquine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in combination with primaquine, either the standard high dose of 0.5mg base/kg/day for 14 days or a higher dose of 1mg base/kg/day for 7 days. Patterns of haemolysis were compared between G6PD wild type and G6PD heterozygous females. Between 21 February 2012 and 04 July 2014, 241 female patients were enrolled of whom 34 were heterozygous for the G6PD Mahidol variant. Haemolysis 24 was substantially greater and a larger proportion of patients reached the threshold of clinically significant haemolysis (fractional haematocrit reduction >25%) in G6PD heterozygotes taking the higher (7 day) primaquine dose, 9/17 (53%) compared with G6PD heterozygotes taking the standard high (14 day) dose, 2/16 (13%); p=0.022. In heterozygotes, the mean fractional haematocrit reductions were correspondingly greater with the higher primaquine dose (7 day regimen): -20.4% (95% CI -26.0 to -14.8) (nadir on day 5) compared with the standard high (14 day) dose: -13.1% (95% CI -17.6 to -8.6) (nadir day 6). Two heterozygotes taking the higher (7 day) primaquine dose required blood transfusion. In wild type patients mean haematocrit reductions were clinically insignificant and similar with both doses; -5.8 (95% CI -7.2 to -4.4) (nadir day 3) compared with -5.5% (95% CI - 7.4 to -3.7) (nadir day 4) respectively. Limitations to this nested cohort study are that the primary objective of the trial was designed to measure efficacy and not haemolysis in relation to G6PD genotype, and that the heterozygote groups were small. Conclusion Higher daily doses of primaquine have the potential to cause clinically significant haemolysis in G6PD heterozygous females who are reported as phenotypically normal with current point of care tests

Comparison of the cumulative efficacy and safety of chloroquine, artesunate, and chloroquine-primaquine in plasmodium vivax malaria

Background: Chloroquine has been recommended for Plasmodium vivax infections for &gt;60 years, but resistance is increasing. To guide future therapies, the cumulative benefits of using slowly eliminated (chloroquine) vs rapidly eliminated (artesunate) antimalarials, and the risks and benefits of adding radical cure (primaquine) were assessed in a 3-way randomized comparison conducted on the Thailand-Myanmar border. Methods: Patients with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria were given artesunate (2 mg/kg/day for 5 days), chloroquine (25 mg base/kg over 3 days), or chloroquine-primaquine (0.5 mg/kg/day for 14 days) and were followed for 1 year. Recurrence rates and their effects on anemia were compared. Results: Between May 2010 and October 2012, 644 patients were enrolled. Artesunate cleared parasitemia significantly faster than chloroquine. Day 28 recurrence rates were 50% with artesunate (112/224), 8% with chloroquine (18/222; P &lt; .001), and 0.5% with chloroquine-primaquine (1/198; P &lt; .001). Median times to first recurrence were 28 days (interquartile range [IQR], 21–42) with artesunate, 49 days (IQR, 35–74) with chloroquine, and 195 days (IQR, 82–281) with chloroquine-primaquine. Recurrence by day 28, was associated with a mean absolute reduction in hematocrit of 1% (95% confidence interval [CI], .3%–2.0%; P = .009). Primaquine radical cure reduced the total recurrences by 92.4%. One-year recurrence rates were 4.51 (95% CI, 4.19–4.85) per person-year with artesunate, 3.45 (95% CI, 3.18–3.75) with chloroquine (P = .002), and 0.26 (95% CI, .19–.36) with chloroquine-primaquine (P &lt; .001). Conclusions: Vivax malaria relapses are predominantly delayed by chloroquine but prevented by primaquine. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01074905.</p

Comparison of the umulative efficacy and safety of chloroquine, artesunate, and chloroquine-primaquine in Plasmodium vivax malaria

Background Chloroquine has been recommended for Plasmodium vivax infections for &gt;60 years, but resistance is increasing. To guide future therapies, the cumulative benefits of using slowly eliminated (chloroquine) vs rapidly eliminated (artesunate) antimalarials, and the risks and benefits of adding radical cure (primaquine) were assessed in a 3-way randomized comparison conducted on the Thailand-Myanmar border. Methods Patients with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria were given artesunate (2 mg/kg/day for 5 days), chloroquine (25 mg base/kg over 3 days), or chloroquine-primaquine (0.5 mg/kg/day for 14 days) and were followed for 1 year. Recurrence rates and their effects on anemia were compared. Results Between May 2010 and October 2012, 644 patients were enrolled. Artesunate cleared parasitemia significantly faster than chloroquine. Day 28 recurrence rates were 50% with artesunate (112/224), 8% with chloroquine (18/222; P &lt; .001), and 0.5% with chloroquine-primaquine (1/198; P &lt; .001). Median times to first recurrence were 28 days (interquartile range [IQR], 21–42) with artesunate, 49 days (IQR, 35–74) with chloroquine, and 195 days (IQR, 82–281) with chloroquine-primaquine. Recurrence by day 28, was associated with a mean absolute reduction in hematocrit of 1% (95% confidence interval [CI], .3%–2.0%; P = .009). Primaquine radical cure reduced the total recurrences by 92.4%. One-year recurrence rates were 4.51 (95% CI, 4.19–4.85) per person-year with artesunate, 3.45 (95% CI, 3.18–3.75) with chloroquine (P = .002), and 0.26 (95% CI, .19–.36) with chloroquine-primaquine (P &lt; .001). Conclusions Vivax malaria relapses are predominantly delayed by chloroquine but prevented by primaquine

Comparison of the umulative efficacy and safety of chloroquine, artesunate, and chloroquine-primaquine in Plasmodium vivax malaria

Background Chloroquine has been recommended for Plasmodium vivax infections for >60 years, but resistance is increasing. To guide future therapies, the cumulative benefits of using slowly eliminated (chloroquine) vs rapidly eliminated (artesunate) antimalarials, and the risks and benefits of adding radical cure (primaquine) were assessed in a 3-way randomized comparison conducted on the Thailand-Myanmar border. Methods Patients with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria were given artesunate (2 mg/kg/day for 5 days), chloroquine (25 mg base/kg over 3 days), or chloroquine-primaquine (0.5 mg/kg/day for 14 days) and were followed for 1 year. Recurrence rates and their effects on anemia were compared. Results Between May 2010 and October 2012, 644 patients were enrolled. Artesunate cleared parasitemia significantly faster than chloroquine. Day 28 recurrence rates were 50% with artesunate (112/224), 8% with chloroquine (18/222; P < .001), and 0.5% with chloroquine-primaquine (1/198; P < .001). Median times to first recurrence were 28 days (interquartile range [IQR], 21–42) with artesunate, 49 days (IQR, 35–74) with chloroquine, and 195 days (IQR, 82–281) with chloroquine-primaquine. Recurrence by day 28, was associated with a mean absolute reduction in hematocrit of 1% (95% confidence interval [CI], .3%–2.0%; P = .009). Primaquine radical cure reduced the total recurrences by 92.4%. One-year recurrence rates were 4.51 (95% CI, 4.19–4.85) per person-year with artesunate, 3.45 (95% CI, 3.18–3.75) with chloroquine (P = .002), and 0.26 (95% CI, .19–.36) with chloroquine-primaquine (P < .001). Conclusions Vivax malaria relapses are predominantly delayed by chloroquine but prevented by primaquine

Chloroquine versus hihydroartemisinin-piperaquine with standard high-dose Primaquine given either for 7 days or 14 days in Plasmodium vivax malaria

Background: Primaquine is necessary for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria, but the optimum duration of treatment and best partner drug are uncertain. A randomized controlled trial was performed to compare the tolerability and radical curative efficacy of 7-day versus 14-day high-dose primaquine regimens (total dose 7mg/kg) with either chloroquine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine.Methods: Patients with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria on the Thailand-Myanmar border were randomized to either chloroquine (25mg base/kg) or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (dihydroartemisinin 7mg/kg and piperaquine 55mg/kg) plus primaquine, either 0.5 mg/kg/day for 14 days or 1 mg/kg/day for 7 days. Adverse events within 42 days and 1-year recurrence rates were compared and their relationship with day 6 drug concentrations assessed.Results: Between February 2012 and July 2014, 680 patients were enrolled. P. vivax recurrences (all after day 35) occurred in 80/654 (12%) patients; there was no difference between treatments. Compared to the 7-day primaquine groups the pooled relative risk of recurrence in the 14-day groups was 1.15 (95% confidence interval 0.7 to 1.8). Hematocrit reductions were clinically insignificant except in G6PD female heterozygotes, 2 of whom had hematocrit reductions to <23% requiring blood transfusion.Conclusion: Radical cure should be deployed more widely. The radical curative efficacy in vivax malaria of 7-day high-dose primaquine is similar to the standard 14-day high-dose regimen. Chloroquine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine are both highly effective treatments of the blood stage infection. Quantitative point of care G6PD testing would ensure safe use of the 7-day high-dose primaquine regimen in G6PD heterozygous females

Chloroquine versus hihydroartemisinin-piperaquine with standard high-dose Primaquine given either for 7 days or 14 days in Plasmodium vivax malaria

Background: Primaquine is necessary for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria, but the optimum duration of treatment and best partner drug are uncertain. A randomized controlled trial was performed to compare the tolerability and radical curative efficacy of 7-day versus 14-day high-dose primaquine regimens (total dose 7mg/kg) with either chloroquine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine.Methods: Patients with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria on the Thailand-Myanmar border were randomized to either chloroquine (25mg base/kg) or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (dihydroartemisinin 7mg/kg and piperaquine 55mg/kg) plus primaquine, either 0.5 mg/kg/day for 14 days or 1 mg/kg/day for 7 days. Adverse events within 42 days and 1-year recurrence rates were compared and their relationship with day 6 drug concentrations assessed.Results: Between February 2012 and July 2014, 680 patients were enrolled. P. vivax recurrences (all after day 35) occurred in 80/654 (12%) patients; there was no difference between treatments. Compared to the 7-day primaquine groups the pooled relative risk of recurrence in the 14-day groups was 1.15 (95% confidence interval 0.7 to 1.8). Hematocrit reductions were clinically insignificant except in G6PD female heterozygotes, 2 of whom had hematocrit reductions to &lt;23% requiring blood transfusion.Conclusion: Radical cure should be deployed more widely. The radical curative efficacy in vivax malaria of 7-day high-dose primaquine is similar to the standard 14-day high-dose regimen. Chloroquine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine are both highly effective treatments of the blood stage infection. Quantitative point of care G6PD testing would ensure safe use of the 7-day high-dose primaquine regimen in G6PD heterozygous females.</br