Commercial phenotypic tests (API 20E) in diagnosis of fish bacteria

The available data concerning rapid identification of fish bacteria via commercial phenotypic tests demonstrate that there is no agreement regarding the choice of selection of the tests. However, API 20E, an identification system for Enterobacteriaceae and other non-fastidious Gram-negative rods developed for clinical specimens, seems to be increasingly used for the identification of fish pathogens. In this work, adaptation of API 20E for fish bacterial isolates and its distinctiveness for fish bacteria was assessed. For some bacterial fish isolates, their identification must be regarded as only presumptive. Some strains are wrongly identified because they are not included in the database of API 20E system. For comparable results, API 20E has to be adapted for bacterial fish isolates, and there should be a consensus among the fish health professionals regarding the incubation temperature and the duration of the incubation time before performing readings. API 20E reactions should be compared with the diagnostic schemes based on reactions in conventional phenotypic tests. Due to their significance for fish health and impact on the aquaculture, and because of the need for their rapid identification, some important fish bacteria should be included in the API 20E system, such as Yersinia ruckeri, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Vibrio anguillarum

Macroalgae in the Food Industry – Opportunities and Challenges

The industry recognized macroalgae not only as a very important source of bioactive compounds but also as ‘super-foods’ due to their nutritional value. They can be used as raw food acting as an alternative source of vegetable proteins, fibres, vitamins and minerals but also they can be commercialized in many forms and incorporated in other food products. The aim of this review is to emphasize the importance of macroalgae application in the food industry. They are already used for different purposes, from food products to medicine. Among mentioned compounds, the special emphasis was given to macroalgal polysaccharides that are present in many products consumed on daily basis. Their importance in texture stability of the food products, as well as their functional properties are evaluated

Shell Waste Management and Utilization: Mitigating Organic Pollution and Enhancing Sustainability

Every year, close to 8 million tons of waste crab, shrimp and lobster shells are produced globally, as well as 10 million tons of waste oyster, clam, scallop and mussel shells. The disposed shells are frequently dumped at sea or sent to landfill, where they modify soils, waters and marine ecosystems. Waste shells are a major by-product, which should become a new raw material to be used to the best of their potential. There are a number of applications for waste shells in many fields, such as agriculture, medicine, chemical production, construction, environmental protection, cosmetic industry, food and feed industry, and a plethora of other (often niche) applications, which are being developed by the day. This review provides a broad picture of crustacean and mollusc shell waste management and reutilization possibilities, reviewing well established, current, and potential strategies, particularly from the standpoint of sustainability challenges and energy demand

In Vitro Confirmation of Siramesine as a Novel Antifungal Agent with In Silico Lead Proposals of Structurally Related Antifungals

The limited number of medicinal products available to treat of fungal infections makes control of fungal pathogens problematic, especially since the number of fungal resistance incidents increases. Given the high costs and slow development of new antifungal treatment options, repurposing of already known compounds is one of the proposed strategies. The objective of this study was to perform in vitro experimental tests of already identified lead compounds in our previous in silico drug repurposing study, which had been conducted on the known Drugbank database using a seven-step procedure which includes machine learning and molecular docking. This study identifies siramesine as a novel antifungal agent. This novel indication was confirmed through in vitro testing using several yeast species and one mold. The results showed susceptibility of Candida species to siramesine with MIC at concentration 12.5 g/mL, whereas other candidates had no antifungal activity. Siramesine was also effective against in vitro biofilm formation and already formed biofilm was reduced following 24 h treatment with a MBEC range of 50–62.5 g/mL. Siramesine is involved in modulation of ergosterol biosynthesis in vitro, which indicates it is a potential target for its antifungal activity. This implicates the possibility of siramesine repurposing, especially since there are already published data about nontoxicity. Following our in vitro results, we provide additional in depth in silico analysis of siramesine and compounds structurally similar to siramesine, providing an extended lead set for further preclinical and clinical investigation, which is needed to clearly define molecular targets and to elucidate its in vivo effectiveness as well

CULTURE OF CARP FRY FED WITH FOOD OF VARIUOS CONTENTS (CYPRINUS CARPIO)

Istraživanje utjecaja hrana različita sastava na prirast mlađa šarana (Cyprinus carpio) obavljeno je na ribnjaku Vukšinac »Ribnjačarstva Siščani« RO Ribo-kombinat Beograd od svibnja do kolovoza godine 1989. Pokusima su poslužila četiri zimnjaka. U svaki zim-njak nasađeno je po 100 000 komada trodnevnih ličinki šarana. Nakon postignute komadne težine od 0,55 g, počela je hranidba malih šarana jednakom metodologijom i količinom hrane, ali različitih proizvođača. SaranSki je mlađ u dva zimnjaka hranjen uvoznom talijanskom hranom (TROUVIT), a u druga dva hranom domaćeg proizvođača (PTUJ) napravljenom prema domaćoj recepturi. Proteina je u uvoznoj hrani bilo 57,9%, a u domaćoj 40,7%. Iz dobivenih rezultata na kraju pokusa proizlazi da je uz podjednake životne uvjete i redovitu zdravstvenu kontrolu mlađa u svim pokusnim zimnjacima, mlađ hranjena uvoznom hranom bio težak u prosjeku 44,1 g, što čini 7,5% dnevnog prirasta s konverzijom hrane 2,1. Mlađ hranjen domaćom hranom bio je težak u prosjeku 63,1 g, s dnevnim prirastom od 7,9% i konverzijom hrane od 2,2.Influence of food of various contents to the growth of carp fry was researched on the fish farm Vukšinac which belongs to »The Fish Farm Siščani«, work organization RIBOKOMBINAT Beograd in the period from May till August 1989. Experiments were done in four winter fish ponds. Each winter fish pond was stocked with 100 000 carp larve 3 days old. When the body weoght was 0,55 gr. they started to feed them by the same methodology and the same quantity of food but taken from various producers. In two winter fish ponds carp fry was fed by imported Italian food (TROU) and the fish in the others two was fed by the food from our domestic producer from PTUJ made according their own recipe. There were 57,9% proteins in imported food and 40,7% in our own food. From the results we can see that the fish fry in the same conditions for life and with regular health control fed with the imported food had an average weight about 44,1 g, that is 7,5% from daily growth with food conversion 2,1. The fish fry fed with our own food had an average weight 63,1 g with daily growth of 7,9% and food conversion of 2,2

Biotechnological Enhancement of Probiotics through Co-Cultivation with Algae: Future or a Trend?

The diversity of algal species is a rich source of many different bioactive metabolites. The compounds extracted from algal biomass have various beneficial effects on health. Recently, co-culture systems between microalgae and bacteria have emerged as an interesting solution that can reduce the high contamination risk associated with axenic cultures and, consequently, increase biomass yield and synthesis of active compounds. Probiotic microorganisms also have numerous positive effects on various aspects of health and represent potent co-culture partners. Most studies consider algae as prebiotics that serve as enhancers of probiotics performance. However, the extreme diversity of algal organisms and their ability to produce a plethora of metabolites are leading to new experimental designs in which these organisms are cultivated together to derive maximum benefit from their synergistic interactions. The future success of these studies depends on the precise experimental design of these complex systems. In the last decade, the development of high-throughput approaches has enabled a deeper understanding of global changes in response to interspecies interactions. Several studies have shown that the addition of algae, along with probiotics, can influence the microbiota, and improve gut health and overall yield in fish, shrimp, and mussels aquaculture. In the future, such findings can be further explored and implemented for use as dietary supplements for humans

Macroalgae in the Food Industry – Opportunities and Challenges

The industry recognized macroalgae not only as a very important source of bioactive compounds but also as ‘super- foods’ due to their nutritional value. They can be used as raw food acting as an alternative source of vegetable proteins, fibres, vitamins and minerals but also they can be commercialized in many forms and incorporated in other food products. The aim of this review is to emphasize the importance of macroalgae application in the food industry. They are already used for different purposes, from food products to medicine. Among mentioned compounds, the special emphasis was given to macroalgal polysaccharides that are present in many products consumed on daily basis. Their importance in texture stability of the food products, as well as their functional properties are evaluated