Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of the measles resurgence in the Republic of Serbia in 2014-2015

The Republic of Serbia is a country with ongoing endemic transmission of measles. The aim of this study is to summarize the main characteristics of the measles resurgence that occurred in Serbia in 2014-2015. The national surveillance data on measles was analysed in relation to the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data. Between November 2014 and December 2015 a measles resurgence with 420 cases was observed in Serbia. Measles virus was initially introduced by and spread among citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina with temporary residence in Serbia, before spreading to the resident population. Of the 223 patients with available medical records, 173 (77.6%) were unvaccinated. The overall measles incidence during the outbreak was 5.8/100.000. The highest age-specific incidence rate was recorded in children aged lt = 4 years (25.9/100.000), but most cases (67.9%) were gt = 20 years old. Hospitalization rate was high (32.9%) and included two cases of encephalitis associated with measles. In total, 42 health-care workers and 22 related cases including hospitalized patients (n = 13) contracted measles. The overall percentage of laboratory confirmed cases was 81.7% (n = 343/420). All measles virus sequences except one (D9) belonged to genotype D8, suggesting interruption of transmission after the previous outbreak in 2010-2011 caused by genotype D4 viruses. The growing number of adult patients as compared to previous epidemics, suggests an urgent need for supplementary immunization activities targeting susceptible health care workers, unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated adults as well as people without vaccination records. The comprehensive investigation of the 2014/2015 measles resurgence will contribute to decisions about appropriate countermeasures to stop the future measles resurgences in Serbia

Measles situation in Serbia in an era of measles elimination (2007-2009)

Following the introduction of measles immunization in Serbia in 1971, measles outbreaks were recorded every 3 to 5 years until 1997. The outbreak in 1997 with 4000 cases was the last large outbreak in Serbia. In 2007, an outbreak with 191 laboratory confirmed or epidemiologically linked cases was reported in Vojvodina. In 2008 and 2009, only 3 cases were confirmed. From 2007-2009, measles infections were most frequently detected in the Roma population but also in non-immunized or partially immunized persons from the general population

Predictors of Hospitalization and Admission to Intensive Care Units of Influenza Patients in Serbia through Four Influenza Seasons from 2010/2011 to 2013/2014

A retrospective analysis of the surveillance data on laboratory confirmed cases of influenza in 4 post pandemic seasons in Serbia was performed to evaluate predictors of hospitalization and admission to intensive care units (ICU). The specimens, including nasal and throat swabs were tested for influenza. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were perfoimed. Data of a total of 777 confirmed influenza cases were analyzed. Age gt 65 years, the presence of any co-morbidity or the presence of gt = 2 comorbidities, infection with influenza virus subtype A (H1) pdm09, and an interval greater than 3 days between symptom onset and the first physician visit, were independently associated with hospital admission. These variables, as well as infection with non-subtype influenza virus A, were predictors for ICU admission. Obesity and chronic neurological disease were independent predictors for ICU admission but not hospitalization. Overall, 41.7% of patients with influenza had at least one co-morbidity, but only 3% of all patients were vaccinated against influenza. Identification of high risk groups and education of these groups regarding their increased susceptibility to severe forms of influenza, and in particular regarding the importance of influenza vaccination, is essential