MODERN TRENDS AND METHODS OF INTEGRATED CLASSES IN ELEMENTARY GRADES

This article reflects on the modern trends and methods of integrated classes in the elementary grades. Also, the theories of many scientists were used in the coverage of the topi

Chemoprevention agents to reduce mammographic breast density in premenopausal women: A systematic review of clinical trials

Background: Higher mammographic breast density (MBD) is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer when compared with lower MBD, especially in premenopausal women. However, little is known about the effectiveness of chemoprevention agents in reducing MBD in premenopausal women without a history of breast cancer. Findings from this review should provide insight on how to target MBD in breast cancer prevention in premenopausal women with dense breasts. Methods: We searched 9 electronic databases for clinical trials in English, Spanish, French, or German published until January 2020. Articles evaluating the association of pharmacological agents and MBD were included. Data were extracted on methods, type and dose of intervention, outcomes, side effects, and follow up. Quality of the studies was assessed using the US Preventive Services Task Force criteria. Results: We identified 7 clinical trials evaluating the associations of 6 chemoprevention agents with changes in MBD in premenopausal women without history of breast cancer. The studies evaluated selective estrogen-receptor modulators (n = 1); gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (n = 2); isoflavones (n = 1); vitamin D (n = 1); and Boswellia, betaine, and mayo-inositol compound (n = 1). Hormonal interventions were associated with net reductions in percent density (tamoxifen [13.4%], leuprolide acetate [8.9%], and goserelin [2.7%]), whereas nonhormonal (vitamin D and isoflavone) interventions were not. However, MBD returned to preintervention baseline levels after cessation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. Conclusions: A limited number of chemoprevention agents have been shown to reduce MBD in premenopausal women. Identification of new and well-tolerated chemoprevention agents targeting MBD and larger studies to confirm agents that have been studied in small trials are urgent priorities for primary breast cancer prevention in premenopausal women with dense breasts

Underground main pipeline behaviour under a travelling impulse in the form of a triangle

The article presents an analysis of the dynamic response of an underground main pipeline under the action of a longitudinal wave, propagating in soil along the pipe. It is assumed that the elastic pipe has a finite length. A linear viscoelastic model of the "pipe-soil" system interaction is considered. The influence of a pulse in the form of a triangle on the deformed state of an underground main pipeline is investigated. The article presents a comparative analysis of the results obtained for some values of the coefficients of elastic and viscous interaction, the propagation velocity, and the duration of the pulse. In the case of elastic interaction of the "pipe-soil" system, the reflection of the wave propagating in the underground pipeline on the boundaries of the pipeline when it coincides with the wave propagating in the soil leads to an increase in the maximum deformation of the underground pipeline, the value of deformation can double. The viscosity coefficient of interaction at the pipe-soil system contact leads to the wave front attenuation in the underground pipeline. For soils with the coefficient of viscous interaction higher than 100 kN∙s/m2, this leads to complete attenuation of the bursts at the wave front in the pipeline. The influence of the wave propagation in soil on the deformation values at the wave front was also studied

Do psychological harms result from being labelled with an unexpected diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm or prostate cancer through screening? A systematic review

Objective A potential psychological harm of screening is unexpected diagnosistextemdashlabelling. We need to know the frequency and severity of this harm to make informed decisions about screening. We asked whether current evidence allows an estimate of any psychological harm of labelling. As case studies, we used two conditions for which screening is common: prostate cancer (PCa) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).Design Systematic review with narrative synthesis.Data sources and eligibility criteria We searched the English language literature in PubMed, PsychINFO and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) for research of any design published between 1 January 2002 and 23 January 2017 that provided valid data about the psychological state of people recently diagnosed with early stage PCa or AAA. Two authors independently used explicit criteria to review and critically appraise all studies for bias, applicability and the extent to which it provided evidence about the frequency and severity of harm from labelling.Results 35 quantitative studies (30 of PCa and 5 of AAA) met our criteria, 17 (48.6 of which showed possible or definite psychological harm from labelling. None of these studies, however, had either appropriate measures or relevant comparisons to estimate the frequency and severity of psychological harm. Four PCa and three AAA qualitative studies all showed clear evidence of at least moderate psychological harm from labelling. Seven population-based studies found increased suicide in patients recently diagnosed with PCa.Conclusions Although qualitative and population-based studies show that at least moderate psychological harm due to screening for PCa and AAA does occur, the current quantitative evidence is insufficient to allow a more precise estimation of frequency and severity. More sensitive measures and improved research designs are needed to fully characterise this harm. In the meantime, clinicians and recommendation panels should be aware of the occurrence of this harm.Peer reviewe

Инклюзия как социальная проблема современного общества

Инклюзия является актуальной проблемой современного общества. В статье поднимается вопрос о доступности образования для людей с ограниченными возможностями и обосновывается необходимость инклюзивного образования на ранних этапах обучения. Делается вывод о том, что государство и его органы должны быть осведомлены об этой проблеме, особенно в вопросах финансирования.Inclusion is a current problem of modern education. The article raises the issue of the availability of education for people with disabilities and gives arguments in favor of inclusive education in the early stages of learning. It comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to draw the attention of the state and its bodies to this problem, especially in matters of financing

Threshold Tolerance of New Genotypes of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. to Salinity and Drought

With continued population growth, increasing staple crop production is necessary. However, in dryland areas, this is negatively affected by various abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity. The field screening of 10 improved genetic lines of pear millet originating from African dryland areas was conducted based on a set of agrobiological traits (i.e., germination rate, plant density, plant maturity rate, forage, and grain yields) in order to understand plant growth and its yield potential responses under saline environments. Our findings demonstrated that genotype had a significant impact on the accumulation of green biomass (64.4% based on two-way ANOVA), while salinity caused reduction in grain yield value. HHVBC Tall and IP 19586 were selected as the best-performing and high-yielding genotypes. HHVBC Tall is a dual purpose (i.e., forage and grain) line which produced high grain yields on marginal lands, with soil salinization up to electrical conductivity (EC) 6–8 dS m−1 (approximately 60–80 mM NaCl). Meanwhile, IP 19586, grown under similar conditions, showed a rapid accumulation of green biomass with a significant decrease in grain yield. Both lines were tolerant to drought and sensitive to high salinity (above 200 mM NaCl). The threshold salinity of HHVBC Tall calculated at the seedling stage was lower than that of IP 19586. Seedling viability of these lines was affected by oxidative stress and membrane peroxidation, and they had decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis. This study demonstrated that ionic stress is more detrimental for the accumulation of green and dry biomass, in combination with increasing the proline and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) contents of both best-performing pearl millet lines, as compared with osmotic stress

Threshold Tolerance of New Genotypes of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. to Salinity and Drought

With continued population growth, increasing staple crop production is necessary. However, in dryland areas, this is negatively affected by various abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity. The field screening of 10 improved genetic lines of pear millet originating from African dryland areas was conducted based on a set of agrobiological traits (i.e., germination rate, plant density, plant maturity rate, forage, and grain yields) in order to understand plant growth and its yield potential responses under saline environments. Our findings demonstrated that genotype had a significant impact on the accumulation of green biomass (64.4% based on two-way ANOVA), while salinity caused reduction in grain yield value. HHVBC Tall and IP 19586 were selected as the best-performing and high-yielding genotypes. HHVBC Tall is a dual purpose (i.e., forage and grain) line which produced high grain yields on marginal lands, with soil salinization up to electrical conductivity (EC) 6–8 dS m−1 (approximately 60–80 mM NaCl). Meanwhile, IP 19586, grown under similar conditions, showed a rapid accumulation of green biomass with a significant decrease in grain yield. Both lines were tolerant to drought and sensitive to high salinity (above 200 mM NaCl). The threshold salinity of HHVBC Tall calculated at the seedling stage was lower than that of IP 19586. Seedling viability of these lines was affected by oxidative stress and membrane peroxidation, and they had decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis. This study demonstrated that ionic stress is more detrimental for the accumulation of green and dry biomass, in combination with increasing the proline and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) contents of both best-performing pearl millet lines, as compared with osmotic stress

Role of salicylic acid in acclimation to low temperature

Low temperature is one of the most important limiting factors for plant growth throughout the world. Exposure to low temperature may cause various phenotypic and physiological symptoms, and may result in oxidative stress, leading to loss of membrane integrity and to the impairment of photosynthesis and general metabolic processes. Salicylic acid (SA),phenolic compound produced by a wide range of plant species, a may participate in many physiological and metabolic reactions in plants. It has been shown that exogenous SA may provide protection against low temperature injury in various plant species, while various stress factors may also modify the synthesis and metabolism of SA. In the present review, recent results on the effects of SA and related compounds in processes leading to acclimation to low temperatures will be discussed

Civil war and third-party non-combatants : Understanding the logic of violence against humanitarian aid workers in the setting of intrastate conflict

Attacks against humanitarian aid workers are a concerning global trend that has been noted since the end of the Cold War. Despite this, limited research is available that combines overt theoretical testing with empirical procedures. A new typology that is grounded in peace and conflict literature was created to uncover rebel perspectives on aid workers within the context of intrastate conflicts. Borrowing from inclusive goods provision and rebel governance work, a theory was developed that predicted that secessionist rebels are less likely to attack aid workers. Aid-Worker Security Database, Uppsala Conflict Data Program databases, and Peace Research Institute of Oslo GRID datasets were used to conduct large-n-study research at country and sub-country levels. The zero-inflated negative binomial mixed model showed no significant effect of secessionism on violence against aid workers at country and sub-country levels of analysis. Logistic mixed model regression showed some evidence that secessionist conflict results in higher odds of violence against aid workers. The potential implication is that conflict types can have an effect on the security of aid workers in the field. The counter-theoretical findings may point to the issues in the methodological approach employed in the study and the limited information. Additionally, one of the key axioms of the theory was the neutral perception of the aid-workers by rebel groups. As this perception was not captured in models, it can be a potential explanatory variable to account for theoretical deviation. Logistic mixed model regression showed some evidence that secessionist conflict results in higher odds of violence against aid workers. The potential implication is that conflict types can have an effect on the security of aid workers in the field. The counter-theoretical findings may point to the issues in the methodological approach employed in the study and the limited information. Additionally, one of the key axioms of the theory was the neutral perception of the aid-workers by rebel groups. As this perception was not captured in models, it can be a potential explanatory variable to account for theoretical deviation. Logistic mixed model regression showed some evidence that secessionist conflict results in higher odds of violence against aid workers. The potential implication is that conflict types can have an effect on the security of aid workers in the field. The counter-theoretical findings may point to the issues in the methodological approach employed in the study and the limited information. Additionally, one of the key axioms of the theory was the neutral perception of the aid-workers by rebel groups. As this perception was not captured in models, it can be a potential explanatory variable to account for theoretical deviation. The counter-theoretical findings may point to the issues in the methodological approach employed in the study and the limited information. Additionally, one of the key axioms of the theory was the neutral perception of the aid-workers by rebel groups. As this perception was not captured in models, it can be a potential explanatory variable to account for theoretical deviation. The counter-theoretical findings may point to the issues in the methodological approach employed in the study and the limited information. Additionally, one of the key axioms of the theory was the neutral perception of the aid-workers by rebel groups. As this perception was not captured in models, it can be a potential explanatory variable to account for theoretical deviation.