Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Rifampicin Loaded Porous Microspheres

Rifampicin (RIF) is a major component in fixed dose combination therapy for the treatment of tuberculosis. RIF has low solubility and high permeability with high dose and hence it is classified as class II drug in Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). RIF has poor and variable bioavailability because of its poor solubility, acid decomposition and, drug and food interaction. The present investigation was aimed to develop RIF loaded porous microspheres as a controlled release dosage form. Eudragit based porous microspheres of RIF were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method. Prepared porous microspheres were evaluated for its entrapment efficacy, morphology, thermal behavior, crystalline nature, in-vitro drug release and stability in simulated gastric fluid. The entrapment efficacy of drug loaded microspheres was found to be in the range of 19.04–74.57%. Surface morphology revealed the porous and spherical structure of microspheres. Differential scanning calorimetric studies confirmed that formulation process altered the crystalline nature of RIF. In vitro drug release studies indicated that drug to polymer ratio of 2:1 showed more than 85% drug release over the period of 3 h. Stability studies in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) indicated that low relative decomposition of 18.5% was achieved with high drug to low polymer ratio of 1:4. The results obtained from the present investigation concluded that RIF loaded porous microspheres are suitable for developing oral controlled release dosage form of RIF that can prevent acid decomposition and provide better biopharmaceutical properties. Further more the microspheres can be evaluated for preventing the interaction with isoniazid, other drugs and foodstuffs

Understanding the implications of pharmaceutical excipients and additives in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers

A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a consequence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and involves complex pathological processes. Among diabetic patients DFU is a major cause of deaths resulting from the amputation of the lower limbs. Various treatment strategies have been developed for the treatment of DFUs, but to this date unfortunately no single treatment fulfills the prerequisites necessary for treating this condition due to its complex, multifactorial pathophysiology. Additionaly, costs associated with the treatment can be prohibitively high. Excipients are pharmaceutical agents which have diverse applications in the design of different dosage forms. Therefore, an ideal dosage form, with active excipients in combination or as adjuvants, which meet these requirements could be suited for treating DFUs. This review discusses the etiopathogenesis of DFUs and also the possible of the use of excipients and additives in various pathological cases of DFUs in designing medicinal products intended for the treatment of this condition

Understanding the implications of pharmaceutical excipients and additives in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers

A diabetic foot ulcer (DFUs) is a consequence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and involves complex pathological processes. It is a major cause of deaths among diabetic patients as a result of amputations. Various treatment strategies have been developed for the treatment of DFUs; unfortunately no single treatment will fulfill the prerequisites necessary for treating DFUs due to its complexed, multifactorial pathophysiology and also the overall cost of these treatments are high. Excipients are the pharmaceutical agents which have diverse applications in the design of different dosage forms. Hence, an ideal dosage form, with active excipients in combination or as adjuvants, which meets these requirements would probably best suited for treating DFUs. This review discusses the etiopathogenesis of DFUs and also the possible use of excipients and additives on various pathological cases of DFUs in designing products intended for the treatment of DFUs

Drugs as causative agents and therapeutic agents in inflammatory bowel disease

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are collectively known as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) which are chronic inflammatory disorders of gastrointestinal tract. The etiopathogenesis of IBD has been extensively studied but not fully revealed. Recent advances in physiology, molecular biology and pharmacology have provided some insight into the basic etiopathogenetic causes such as genetic, immunologic, etc. This review focuses on drugs involved in the cause of the disease and the investigational new drugs, current therapeutic strategies and their clinical benefits