Study of Environmental Stress Signaling in Bacillus Subtilis via Components of RsbR Paralogues

Bacillus subtilis has found to respond the signals of environmental and metabolic stress by inducing over 40 general stress genes which are under the control of the sigma B transcription factor. Sigma B is an alternative sigma-factor in Bacillus subtilis. It mediates the response of the cell to a variety of physical insults. General stress response of Bacillus subtilis is regulated directly by a partner-switching mechanism via key protein interactions and transcription factor sigma B expression plays important role on it. Physical stress is communicated to sigmaB via a large-molecular-mass (>106-Da) structure (i.e. called the stressosome) formed by one or more members of a family of homologous proteins (RsbR, YkoB, YojH, YqhA). Signals of energy or environmental stress are conveyed to sigma B by independent pathways, each terminating with a differentially regulated serine phosphatase (i.e. for serine phosphorylation), whose activity is required to control the partner-switching regulators. In B. subtilis genome, six paralogous proteins such as YetI, YezB, YkoB, YojH, YqhA, and YtvA are found which has significant similarity to RsbR

Study and Impact of Biofuel as Energy Sources via Algal Materials or Lignocellulosic Substrates Utilization

A biofuel is organic compounds, generated in a short period of time. It is mostly produced from plants or its waste material or useful material such as food grain or other products which has been grown today or any times. It helps in reduction of greenhouse gas emission in our atmosphere that need for our society. As conventionally fuel, fossil energy sources has been consumed in different purposes of our life need. Gasoline, coal or natural gases has been used from ancient periods and availability is limited so need for alternate fuel resources with less costly price. Biofuel can fulfill the need of our society and avoid our dependence in future. Ethanol with other advanced biofuel such as propanol and butanol can replaced the fossil fuel with effective utilization as conventionally way effort. Biodiesels or fatty acid methyl esters is derived from oleaginous microbes (microalgae, yeast, and bacteria) and it is being actively used as potential renewable substitutes for petroleum diesel

Study of Production and Degradation Impact of Bioplastic or Polyhydroxyalkanoate, (PHA)

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is reported as polyesters of hydroxyalkanoates (HAs) which is generally synthesized by numerous bacteria and it is stored in the cytoplasm of cells as an intracellular carbon and energy sources compound. It has been considered as a replacement for conventional plastics. Microbial cell such as Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, recombinant Escherichia coli and methylotrophs are important bacterial organisms and used frequently in variety of polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) or others PHAs. We have noticed the influence of different degrees of carbon and nitrogen limitation on the performance of an acetate-fed feast–famine sequencing batch reactor (SBR) which are employed to enrich PHA storing bacteria. Microbial selection and biomass production stage played important role in PHA production process under carbon limitation. It can create favorable by utilizing the nutrient deficient waste waters with supplementation with nutrients via producing stable PHA storing biomass with a high storage capacity. Waste streams as suitable substrates have been used for mixed culture bioplastic producer

A Study on Cyclosporine a Production by Fungal Cells

Cyclosporin A (CyA) is found as an antibiotics, exhibiting immunosuppressive and antifungal properties. Cyclosporine A has been synthesized in large quantities by fermentation process using various fungal species such as Tolypocladium, Trichoderma, Fusarium Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. Submerged liquid fermentation (SLF) and solid state fermentation (SSF) have been used successfully to produce the Cyclosporin A. The SSF is alternative to submerged fermentation for production of value added products like antibiotics. In solid-state fermentation (SSF), growth of microbes is occurred without free flowing aqueous phase. It provides low availability of water and reduces the possibilities of contamination by bacteria and yeast. SSF can provide higher yields and other advantages for this product. Due to the concentrated nature of the substrate, smaller reactors could be used in SSF. An industrial point of view, it is necessity to obtain a suitable and economic medium and process for higher production of CyA. CyA is produced by using Tolypocladium inflatum in solid state fermentation

To Study and Analysis of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) for Metabolites Production

Fermentation is very important biological processes for metabolite production; utilizes plant, animal or any microbial cells. These cells have been added in production media at laboratory or industrial scale to convert the substrates into our main metabolites production with combination with byproducts. Byproducts concentration can be produced more if biological cells growth conditions are not optimized. Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) is one of mode of fermentation which is applied in many metabolites production. This mode is very useful when we use controlled condition and maintained steady state culture during period time for continuous metabolite production. We use fermentation medium for supply appropriate energy for growth of microorganisms and product formation in fermentation process. A lot of carbon and nitrogen substrates combination with micro or micronutrients are also supplied to culture media for growth of microorganisms to produce the various metabolites such as simple sugar, organic acids or biofuel etc. Various metabolic pathways are found in various biological cells to involve produce the specific metabolite and enzymes of pathways are deciding the efficiency of metabolite, generated in biological cells

Sickle cell disease status among school adolescents and their tribal community in South Gujarat

Objectives: to create awareness, to screen samples of school adolescents and then to reach their community through them by doing surveillance for sickle cell disease. Design: Field based cross-sectional study. Settings: St Xavier`s high school and Vanraj high school of Umarpada taluka of Surat district. Subjects: School adolescents, their parents and friends. Method: After taking permission from school authority, blood samples of 948 school adolescents were taken for DTT test and then for electrophoresis. Blood samples of motivated parents and friends of those adolescents found positive for DTT was taken in subsequent visit and results were communicated to them. Results: Blood samples of 948 school adolescents, out of 1081 were tested for DTT test. It was positive in 242 samples, giving a prevalence of 25.5% for sickle cell disease. On subjecting the positive blood samples to electrophoresis, the proportion of sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease was found to be 92% and 8% respectively. Then electrophoresis was done in 64 parents and friends, 24 (37.5%) of them were found positive of which, 14 (58%) were having sickle cell trait and 10 (42%) having sickle cell disease. Conclusion: approaching community can be possible through school adolescents for conduction of surveillance of sickle cell anemi

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of early cretaceous sub-alkaline mafic dykes from Swangkre-Rongmil, East Garo Hills, Shillong plateau, Northeast India

Numerous early Cretaceous mafic and alkaline dykes, mostly trending in N-S direction, are emplaced in the Archaean gneissic complex of the Shillong plateau, northeastern India. These dykes are spatially associated with the N-S trending deep-seated Nongchram fault and well exposed around the Swangkre-Rongmil region. The petrological and geochemical characteristics of mafic dykes from this area are presented. These mafic dykes show very sharp contact with the host rocks and do not show any signature of assimilation with them. Petrographically these mafic dykes vary from fine-grained basalt (samples from the dyke margin) to medium-grained dolerite (samples from the middle of the dyke) having very similar chemical compositions, which may be classified as basaltic-andesite/andesite. The geochemical characteristics of these mafic dykes suggest that these are genetically related to each other and probably derived from the same parental magma. Although, the high-field strength element (+rare-earth elements) compositions disallow the possibility of any crustal involvement in the genesis of these rocks, but Nb/La, La/Ta, and Ba/Ta ratios, and similarities of geochemical characteristics of present samples with the Elan Bank basalts and Rajmahal (Group II) mafic dyke samples, suggest minor contamination by assimilation with a small amount of upper crustal material. Chemistry, particularly REE, hints at an alkaline basaltic nature of melt. Trace element modelling suggests that the melt responsible for these mafic dykes had undergone extreme differentiation (~ 50%) before its emplacement. The basaltic-andesite nature of these rocks may be attributed to this differentiation. Chemistry of these rocks also indicates ~ 10-15% melting of the mantle source. The mafic dyke samples of the present investigation show very close geochemical similarities with the mafic rocks derived from the Kerguelen mantle plume. Perhaps the Swangkre-Rongmil mafic dykes are also derived from the Kerguelen mantle plume

Geochemical characteristics of mesoproterozoic metabasite dykes from the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Terrain, eastern India: implications for their emplacement in a plate margin tectonic environment

A number of mafic intrusive bodies (mostly dykes) are exposed in the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Terrain (CGT). Most dykes trend in ENE–WSW to E–W following major structural trends of the region. These metabasite dykes show granoblastic to grano-nematoblastic textures and contain hornblende, plagioclase, chlorite, quartz and epidote which suggest their metamorphism under amphibolite grade P–T conditions. Although no radiometric age is available for the metabasite dykes, field relationships with host rock and available geochronology on granitoids suggest their emplacement during Mesoproterozoic. Geochemical characteristics of these dykes classify them as low-K tholeiite to medium-K calc-alkaline type. At least two types of metabasite dykes are recognized on the basis of their HFSE contents; one group shows entirely calc-alkaline nature, whereas the other group has rocks of tholeiite-calc-alkaline series. High Mg# observed in a number of samples indicates their derivation from primary melt. Multi-element spidergrams and rare-earth element patterns observed in these samples also corroborate their derivation from different magma batches. Trace element patterns observed for Nb–Ta, Hf–Zr, Sr and Y suggesting involvement of subduction related processes in the genesis of CGT metabasite dykes. Perceived geochemical characteristics suggest that metamorphism did not affect much on the chemistry of metabasites but source region, responsible for the generation of CGT metabasites, was possibly modified during subduction process. This study suggests that magma generated in a destructive plate setting fed the Mesoproterozoic mafic dykes of the CGT

Controlling the size distribution of nanoparticles through the use of physical boundaries during laser ablation in liquids

A simple, yet effective method of controlling the size and size distributions of nanoparticles produced as a result of laser ablation of target material is presented. The method employs the presence of physical boundaries on either sides of the ablation site. In order to demonstrate the potential of the method, experiments have been conducted with copper and titanium as the target materials that are placed in two different liquid media (water and isopropyl alcohol). The ablation of the target material immersed in the liquid medium has been carried out using an Nd:YAG laser. Significant differences in the size and size distributions are observed in the cases of nanoparticles produced with and without confining boundaries. It is seen that for any given liquid medium and the target material, the mean size of the nanoparticles obtained with the boundary-fitted target surface is consistently higher than that achieved in the case of open (flat) targets. The observed trend has been attributed to the plausible role(s) of the confining boundaries in prolonging the thermalisation time of the plasma plume. In order to ascertain that the observed differences in sizes of the nanoparticles produced with and without the presence of the physical barriers are predominantly because of the prolonged thermalisation of the plasma plume and not due to the possible formation of oxide layer, select experiments with gold as the target material in water have also been performed. The experiments also show that, irrespective of the liquid medium, the increase in the mean size of the copper-based nanoparticles due to the presence of physical boundaries is relatively higher than that observed in the case of titanium target material under similar experimental conditions.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures, a part of this work has been published in Photonics Prague 2017, (Proc. SPIE 10603, Photonics, Devices, and Systems VII, 1060304) titled "A novel method for fabrication of size-controlled metallic nanoparticles