Exploring Neutrino Oscillations with Superbeams

We consider the medium- and long-baseline oscillation physics capabilities of intense muon-neutrino and muon-antineutrino beams produced using future upgraded megawatt-scale high-energy proton beams. In particular we consider the potential of these conventional neutrino ``superbeams'' for observing \nu_\mu\to\nu_e oscillations, determining the hierarchy of neutrino mass eigenstates, and measuring CP-violation in the lepton sector. The physics capabilities of superbeams are explored as a function of the beam energy, baseline, and the detector parameters. The trade-offs between very large detectors with poor background rejection and smaller detectors with excellent background rejection are illustrated. We find that it may be possible to observe \nu_\mu\to\nu_e oscillations with a superbeam provided that the amplitude parameter \sin^2 2\theta_{13} is larger than a few \times 10^{-3}. If \sin^2 2\theta_{13} is of order 10^{-2} or larger, then the neutrino mass hierarchy can be determined in long-baseline experiments, and if in addition the large mixing angle MSW solution describes the solar neutrino deficit then there is a small region of parameter space within which maximal CP-violation in the lepton sector would be observable in a low-energy medium-baseline experiment. We explicitly consider massive water Cherenkov and liquid argon detectors at superbeams with neutrino energies ranging from 1 GeV to 15 GeV, and baselines from 295 km to 9300 km. Finally, we compare the oscillation physics prospects at superbeams with the corresponding prospects at neutrino factories. The sensitivity at a neutrino factory to CP violation and the neutrino mass hierarchy extends to values of the amplitude parameter \sin^2 2\theta_{13} that are one to two orders of magnitude lower than at a superbeam.Comment: Revtex (singlespaced), 41 pages, uses epsf.sty, 12 postscript figures. Minor corrections and notation changes, expanded discussions, x-axis numbers added to Fig.9(a),(c). To be published in Phys. Rev.

Two-Hop Routing with Traffic-Differentiation for QoS Guarantee in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper proposes a Traffic-Differentiated Two-Hop Routing protocol for Quality of Service (QoS) in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It targets WSN applications having different types of data traffic with several priorities. The protocol achieves to increase Packet Reception Ratio (PRR) and reduce end-to-end delay while considering multi-queue priority policy, two-hop neighborhood information, link reliability and power efficiency. The protocol is modular and utilizes effective methods for estimating the link metrics. Numerical results show that the proposed protocol is a feasible solution to addresses QoS service differenti- ation for traffic with different priorities.Comment: 13 page

A NOVEL ANALYSIS ON LIGHT ESCAPING FROM BLACK HOLE

Abstract: Science must be fact. All the black hole theories said that the light can't escape from the black hole; it will be bent by either gravity or curved space, but this paper proves that the light does not affected by any gravity. It does not falsify black hole theories as a whole. The intent is to fortify space science. It brings some empirical evidence to prove the intention. The escape velocity concept is not applicable for light. The general theory of relativity has no valid basis in science. The only evidence Eddington's experiment also proved by this article as in valid.  Black hole may exits but light bending, absorption concepts have no possibilities.  This paper also presents a novel reason for bending light. The light bending happens near the stars only by refraction in the atmosphere of the stars like refraction of light in water, not by the gravity. This paper fully supports newton's theory of gravity. Keywords:  Escape velocity, light bending, Black hole, General relativity, Refraction in star

IN VIVO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF LIMNOPHILA HETEROPHYLLA AND MICHELIA CHAMPACA

Objective: The present study was aimed at investigating the in-vivo antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts of Limnophila heterophylla and Michelia champaca leaves.Methods: Methanol extract of both plants were administered to rats separately at three different doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg for 21 d to evaluate oxidative stress parameters such as ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and to evaluate antioxidant enzyme levels of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD).Results: The methanol extracts of both the plants significantly (p<0.05) elevated the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) on days 7, 14 and 21 of treatment. Significant (p<0.05) decrease of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels along with an increase in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme level in the liver and kidney at three different doses both the plants was observed. Treatment at a dose of 500 mg/kg b. w of both plants caused a significant increase only in the level of CAT in the liver and kidney. However, there was no significant effect of a thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the heart and reduced glutathione (GSH) level in liver, heart and kidney at three different doses both the plants.Conclusion: These outcomes recommend that the leaves of Limnophila heterophylla and Michelia champaca have a potent antioxidant activity which may be responsible for some of its reported pharmacological actions.Â

TRANSACTION COSTS AND FISHERIES CO-MANAGEMENT

Fisheries co-management as an alternative to centralized command and control fisheries management is often suggested as a solution to the problems of fisheries resource use conflicts and overexploitation. This paper highlights some elements of the transaction costs under a fisheries co-management system. The transaction costs can be categorized into three major cost items: (i) information costs, (ii) collective fisheries decision-making costs, and (iii) collective operational costs. An approach to measuring transaction costs of fisheries co-management systems both in static and dynamic processes is also proposed. There is a need to empirically evaluate the nature of the transaction costs involved in fisheries co-management institutions as a basis for evaluating the efficiency or net benefits of co-managed fisheries compared to centrally managed fisheries.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Physiological and biochemical changes in desiccation sensitive curry leaf (Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel) seeds

Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel) is an important spice tree propagated by seeds. However, the seeds are sensitive to desiccation and considered as recalcitrant. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to analyze its level of desiccation and changes takes place during water loss. The results indicated that the reduction in seed moisture from 47.4 per cent leads to loss in viability. In which, the initial seed germination (100 %) declines slowly during desiccation and at the seed moisture content of 33.1 per cent it recorded 69 per cent germination at six days of exposure under ambient temperature (30±20C). Further moisture loss leads to drastic reduction in germination and hence, this could be the critical or lowest safe moisture content. In addition, the reduction in seedling vigour and enzymatic activity and increase in seed leachate were noticed during desiccation of the curry leaf seeds

Indian Coals for Sponge Iron Process

IN CONTRAST to conventional two stage process of steel making via blast furnace, direct steel making with pre-reduced iron ores or agglomerates have attracted attent-ion in recent times.This is particularly so for devolop-ing countries where there is availability of other raw materials for iron making but there is dearth of or limited resources of coking coal and abundant supply of other type of non coking coals. In terms of energy equi-valent, availability of . solid fuel is many hundred times more than that of natural gas. Extensive attempts have therefore been made to utilise non coking coals to produce iron by non conventional methods such as direct reduction processes. The solid iron produced by reduction technique known as 'sponge' can then be trans-formed into steel by melting. An attempt has been made in the paper to indicate the available resources of Indian coals, their nature and property which may be considered suitable for the prod-uction of sponge i ron either as such or after benef-iciation. Indications have also been given for the possi-bility of utilising char from the fluid bed carbonisation of non coking coal where such material can be obtained from an integrated formed coke plant