Predicting the optimal solution in fuzzy linear programming problem

In this paper we try to define a percentage form of LR fuzzy numbers which is a useful form of fuzzy numbers and its’ arithmetics. So, we show how the maximum variation range of optimal value of fuzzy objective function can be predicted by using this form of fuzzy numbers. Since fuzzy problems are generally solved through a complicated manner, the purpose of this study is releasing a kind of prediction for the final solution in the way that the manager can access to an outlook to optimal solution (Z∗) without solving the problem. Finally, optimal value of fuzzy objective function on fuzzy linear programming is predicted whenmaximum variation range of fuzzy variable have been predetermined

Solving fully fuzzy linear programming problems by controlling the variation range of variables

This paper deals with a fully fuzzy linear programming problem (FFLP) in which the coefficients of decision variables, the right-hand coefficients and variables are characterized by fuzzy numbers. A method of obtaining optimal fuzzy solutions is proposed by controlling the left and right sides of the fuzzy variables according to the fuzzy parameters. By using fuzzy controlled solutions, we avoid unexpected answers. Finally, two numerical examples are solved to demonstrate how the proposed model can provide a better optimal solution than that of other methods using several ranking functions

Solving fully fuzzy linear programming problems by controlling the variation range of variables

This paper deals with a fully fuzzy linear programming problem (FFLP) in which the coefficients of decision variables, the right-hand coefficients and variables are characterized by fuzzy numbers. A method of obtaining optimal fuzzy solutions is proposed by controlling the left and right sides of the fuzzy variables according to the fuzzy parameters. By using fuzzy controlled solutions, we avoid unexpected answers. Finally, two numerical examples are solved to demonstrate how the proposed model can provide a better optimal solution than that of other methods using several ranking functions

Preventing Ischial Pressure Ulcers: II. Biomechanics

Background: Pressure ulcers (PUs) are common and debilitating wounds that arise when immobilized patients cannot shift their weight. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) has been investigated for Pressure Ulcer Prevention (PUP) for over 20 years. Historically gluteus maximus (GM) has been considered an important actuator in attempting to redistribute seated pressures through NMES

The westward journey of alfalfa leaf curl virus

Alfalfa leaf curl virus (ALCV), which causes severe disease symptoms in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and is transmitted by the widespread aphid species, Aphis craccivora Koch, has been found throughout the Mediterranean basin as well as in Iran and Argentina. Here we reconstruct the evolutionary history of ALCV and attempt to determine whether the recent discovery and widespread detection of ALCV is attributable either to past diagnostic biases or to the emergence and global spread of the virus over the past few years. One hundred and twenty ALCV complete genome sequences recovered from ten countries were analyzed and four ALCV genotypes (ALCV-A, ALCV-B, ALCV-C, and ALCV-D) were clearly distinguished. We further confirm that ALCV isolates are highly recombinogenic and that recombination has been a major determinant in the origins of the various genotypes. Collectively, the sequence data support the hypothesis that, of all the analyzed locations, ALCV likely emerged and diversified in the Middle East before spreading to the western Mediterranean basin and Argentina

Control of FES in paraplegia: modeling voluntary arm forces

Abstract. Skilled behavior is difficult or impossible to articulate explicitly by the performers. Likewise biomechanical models of skilled motor actions are often limited by the lack of knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. A 'behavioral cloning' technique is described, based on a trained artificial neural network (ANN), that precisely mimics an individual's learned skill. In this paper the motor skill considered is that of paraplegics using their upper limbs whilst standing-up with FES. In a group of eight paraplegics with complete spinal injuries, it was possible to develop clones that followed closely the observed behavior of the subjects. Each subject used a unique and consistent voluntary control strategy. Subjects with more experience in using FES were more consistent in the use of their arms from trial to trial. Comparison of the clones revealed features suggestive of some common underlying voluntary control strategies