Increase Use of CNG as Public Transport & Reduce Emissions: A Comparative Study of the Benefits of CNG & Automobiles Fuel: Present Scenario on Bangladesh

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a natural gas i.e. methane, in compressed form. Natural gas at ambient temperature and pressure has very low energy density compared to other fuels. To use natural gas as a transportation fuel, it must be compressed to increase its volumetric energy density. In recent years due to spiraling hike of fuel price, Bangladesh government had no other options but to increase in fuel price. This has led to increase in conversion of petrol/octane automobiles into CNG system, which runs on natural gas abundantly available in this country. How more and more CNG conversion workshops have developed and CNG has gained popularity and acceptability at a rapid pace. The purpose of this study is to access the popularity of CNG as an alternative automobile fuel. In many respects, the distribution of modal choices in Dhaka is unique among cities of comparable size in the Asia region. Almost 60% of the 8.5 million weekday person trips are walk trips and about 19.2% use rickshaw. For the remaining 20% trips on motorized models. The high dependence on walking and rickshaw, both slow and typically best suited for short trips on secondary roads and a low dependence on buses, in a city of 14.5 million people with an urban area about 2000 sq. km. is a symptom of inefficient and ineffective transport operations as well as uncontrollable land use (DOE 2011). The number of CNG vehicles plying on road till to date is 204243 (RPGCL, May-2012). Taking an average of 15 liter/day per vehicle, the cost of CNG use per annum amounts to tk. 170.00 crore. The same number of vehicles would spend tk. 1000.00 crore on equal amount of petrol. It was revealed that the CNG users are saving tk. 830.00 crore by using CNG instead of petrol (EAW 2006). Keywords: CNG, conversion, environment, fuel, gas, transportatio

The Effect of Management by Objectives on Performance Appraisal and Employee Satisfaction in Commercial Banks

Management by Objectives (MBO) is one of the most effective performance appraisal method widely used in the organization. This study deals with the effect of Management by Objectives on performance appraisal and employee satisfaction.  A self-administered questionnaire was used to judge the perception of the employees regarding MBO and its effect on their performance appraisal and employee satisfaction. The number of participants included in the survey was 60 employees from 33 commercial banks at Rajshahi Division in Bangladesh. This study aims to identify the respondent’s demographic profile such as age, education, salary, and banking experience and reveals the importance of MBO on their performance appraisal and employee satisfaction. IBM SPSS v23.0 program has been used to analyze the questionnaire. Descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and Regression analysis used to test the hypotheses. Econometric results suggest that MBO should be used as a method of performance appraisal and most of the commercial banks use Management by Objectives as an effective tool. In our correlation analysis we found performance appraisal and employee satisfaction have a significant positive relationship (r=0.715). Performance appraisal increase employee satisfaction. Employee satisfaction increase productivity and effectiveness in the organization. Proper reward mechanism increase satisfaction level of the employees. Keywords: Commercial Banks, Employee Satisfaction, Management by Objectives, Organizational Effectiveness and Performance Appraisal. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-20-02 Publication date:July 31st 202