Effects of Elevated Temperature on 8-Hydroxy-2\u27-Deoxyguanosine Expression, DNA Damage and Cellular Apoptosis in the American Oyster (\u3ci\u3eCrassostrea virginica\u3c/i\u3e)

Global temperature increases due to anthropogenic activities. The effects of rising temperature are well documented in aquatic organisms. The American oyster is an ideal shellfish species to study on global warming and oxidative DNA damage. In this study, We observed the effects of high temperature on heat shock protein-70 (HSP70), 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), ssDNA, dsDNA, caspase-3 (CASP3), BAX and γH2AX, a molecular marker of DNA damage, protein expressions in gills of oysters. Immunohistochemical results showed that elevated temperatures (28 and 32°C) significantly increased HSP70, 8-OHdG, dsDNA, γH2AX, BAX and CASP3 protein expressions in gills of oysters compare to control (24°C). In situ TUNEL assay showed a significant increase in apoptotic cells in gills. Extrapallial fluid (EPF) glucose level also increased; however, EPF protein concentration decreased in heat exposure oysters. Collectively, these results suggest that heat shock driven oxidative stress induces DNA damage which may lead to decreased physiological functions in oysters

Effects of elevated temperature on 8-OHdG expression in the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica): Induction of oxidative stress biomarkers, cellular apoptosis, DNA damage and γH2AX signaling pathways

Global temperature is increasing due to anthropogenic activities and the effects of elevated temperature on DNA lesions are not well documented in marine organisms. The American oyster (Crassostrea virginica, an edible and commercially important marine mollusk) is an ideal shellfish species to study oxidative DNA lesions during heat stress. In this study, we examined the effects of elevated temperatures (24, 28, and 32 °C for one-week exposure) on heat shock protein-70 (HSP70, a biomarker of heat stress), 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, a biomarker of pro-mutagenic DNA lesion), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), γ-histone family member X (γH2AX, a molecular biomarker of DNA damage), caspase-3 (CAS-3, a key enzyme of apoptotic pathway) and Bcl-2-associated X (BAX, an apoptosis regulator) protein and/or mRNA expressions in the gills of American oysters. Immunohistochemical and qRT-PCR results showed that HSP70, 8-OHdG, dsDNA, and γH2AX expressions in gills were significantly increased at high temperatures (28 and 32 °C) compared with control (24°C). In situ TUNEL analysis showed that the apoptotic cells in gill tissues were increased in heat-exposed oysters. Interestingly, the enhanced apoptotic cells were associated with increased CAS-3 and BAX mRNA and/or protein expressions, along with 8-OHdG levels in gills after heat exposure. Moreover, the extrapallial (EP) fluid (i.e., extracellular body fluid) protein concentrations were lower; however, the EP glucose levels were higher in heat-exposed oysters. Taken together, these results suggest that heat shock-driven oxidative stress alters extracellular body fluid conditions and induces cellular apoptosis and DNA damage, which may lead to increased 8-OHdG levels in cells/tissues in oysters

Effect of folic acid and tetrahydrofolate on tissue arsenic level in rat

Quest is still going on for a cheap, effective, and easily available remedy for chronic arsenic toxicity. This study was designed to investigate the effects of folic acid and tetrahydrofolate in lowering the arsenic burden in tissues. Rats received arsenic at 700 µg/day by gavage for 28 days except the control group. Arsenic accumulation was significantly lowered (p<0.05), in liver, kidney, heart, lung and skin in both the folic acid and tetrahydrofolate-treated groups compared to arsenic only treated group. The oxidative stress induced by arsenic treatment was reduced as evident by the reduction in rise of malondialdehyde level in both groups. But folic acid was found to be more efficacious compared to tetrahydrofolate.

A new medium voltage modular multilevel inverter with advanced carrier-based pulse width modulation for solar photovoltaic systems

© 2019 IEEE. For medium and high-power applications, reduced switch multilevel inverters (MLI) have drawn considerable attention from the industry and the academia alike due to their diverse benefits like the requirement of a smaller number of voltage sources and switching devices, and better control functionalities compared to the traditional MLI topologies. In this paper, a new symmetric MLI is proposed for the grid integrated photovoltaic (PV) power generation system. An extensive comparison demonstrates that the number of the switching devices with the proposed topology is less in comparison to that of the existing MLI topologies, which is the main objective of this paper. The proposed topology is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to carry out the necessary analysis and comparisons to the existing ones in terms of the number of switching devices and power diodes, cost, weight, and the percentage of total harmonic distortion. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed topology uses only 67% switching devices and 40% power diodes than other MLI topologies to generate 15 level output voltage with low total harmonic distortion than existing topologies. Due to the reduced switching devices and power diodes count, the proposed topology offers less switching loss as well as increased efficiency with the reduced overall system cost. The proposed MLI topology has a great potential for the industry applications and the realization of a sustainable solar PV system

Medicine promotional literature as a source of updated information in Bangladesh: Do those advertising literature promote continued medical education or deceptive advertising?

Background: Drug promotional literature (DPLs) is an integral part of pharmaceutical marketing strategy. This marketing approach influences, a physician to prescribe definite variety of medicine from a particular company. Many physicians bank on exclusively in DPLs. This research was intended to appraise the DPLs available in Bangladesh for accuracy, consistency, and validity of the information in accordance with the WHO rules and regulations. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study was conducted in Uttara Adhunik Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh after collecting DPLs from the different outpatient department. The data was analyzed Microsoft Excel 2016. Results: None of the national and multinational DPLs fulfilled all the WHO criteria. Among the national and multinational DPLs, 94.7% and 100% presented with claims respectively. Out of 284 national and multinational DPLs references citation were presented in 82.04% and 100% respectively. Among the DPLs of national and multinational companies' relevant, irrelevant, and partially relevant pictures were presented in 48.79%, 24.65%, 26.76% and 31.58%, 26.32%, and 42.11%, respectively. Conclusion: DPLs of Bangladesh did not comply with the WHO guidelines while promoting their products. Evidence provided in those DPLs were mostly biased and persuasive since it is focusing mainly on the positive aspect of drug therapy. Accordingly, studied DPLs were principally aiming to maximizes industries' financial benefit rather than fulfill the educational aspects. The Government of Bangladesh should develop very stringent policy and practices regarding DPLs based on science and the WHO guideline as the literature very often act as a primary source of information among medical doctors

Correlation of lipid profile among patients with hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia is common metabolic abnormality in thyroid disorders overt or subclinical and diabetes mellitus (DM) with a marked increase in circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C). OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to find variations in dyslipidemic patterns in type 2 DM (T2DM) with hypothyroidism (HY). METHODS: Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very low-density cholesterol (VLDL), low-density cholesterol (LDL), and high-density cholesterol (HDL) were compared among the three study groups at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Bihar in eastern India. Group A: T2DM. Group B HY, and Group C: having both T2DM and HY and control group. RESULTS: The lipid profile of patients with diabetes showed TC (316.18 ± 4.299 mg/dl), TG (358.36 ± 5.544 mg/dl), LDL (214.70 ± 4.192 mg/dl), VLDL (71.67 ± 1.109 mg/dl), and HDL (29.80 ± 0.348 mg/dl). Mean lipid profile values in HYs were TC (314.38 ± 1.739 mg/dl), TG (322.46 ± 2.429 mg/dl), LDL (208.69 ± 1.665 mg/dl), VLDL (64.29 ± 0.5591 mg/dl), and HDL (41.20 ± 0.3647 mg/dl). Patients suffering from both diabetes and HY had TC (337.92 ± 4.793 mg/dl), TG (350.02 ± 5.127 mg/dl), LDL (236.17 ± 4.093 mg/dl), VLDL (70.01 ± 1.026 mg/dl), and HDL (31.74 ± 0.285 mg/dl). LDL value was markedly high in diabetic HY patients. All the lipid profile parameters were significantly increased except HDL among the patients with diabetes and HY patients. Increase was more in cholesterol and LDL values among patients suffering from both diabetes and HY. HDL levels were lowest among the patients with diabetes and also decreased among the diabetic HYs. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, on patients with diabetes and HY, dyslipidemia was more in two variables, namely, cholesterol and LDL; there was a distinct difference in lipid profile patterns between single and dual morbidities

A facile hydrothermal approach for catalytic and optical behavior of tin oxide- graphene (SnO2/G) nanocomposite

A cost-effective, facile hydrothermal approach was made for the synthesis of SnO2/graphene (Gr) nano-composites. XRD diffraction spectra clearly confirmed the presence of tetragonal crystal system of SnO2 which was maintaining its structure in both pure and composite materials' matrix. The stretching and bending vibrations of the functional groups were analyzed using FTIR analysis. FESEM images illustrated the surface morphology and the texture of the synthesized sample. HRTEM images confirmed the deposition of SnO2 nanoparticles over the surface of graphene nano-sheets. Raman Spectroscopic analysis was carried out to confirm the in-plane blending of SnO2 and graphene inside the composite matrix. The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized sample under UV irradiation using methylene blue dye was observed. Incorporation of grapheme into the SnO2 sample had increased the photocatalytic activity compared with the pure SnO2 sample. The electrochemical property of the synthesized sample was evaluated