Laboratory Evaluation of Five Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors Against the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Results of laboratory experiments are reported that tested the effects of five chitin synthesis inhibitors, diflubenzuron, cyromazine, lufenuron, hexaflumuron and triflumuron. on second instars of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Crysomelidae), originally collected from potato fields of Bostanabaad, a town 66 km southeast of Tabriz, Iran. In bioassays, the larvae were fed potato leaves dipped in aqueous solutions containing chitin synthesis inhibitors. The mortalities and abnormalities of the treated larvae were recorded 72 hours after treatments. LC50 values were 58.6, 69.6, 27.3, 0.79 and 81.4 mg ai/ L for diflubenzuron, cyromazine, lufenuron, hexaflumuron and triflumuron, respectively. Compared with phosalone, which is one of the common insecticides used for controlling this pest in Iran, lufenuron and hexaflumuron seem to be much more potent, and if they perform equally well in the field, they would be suitable candidates to be considered as reduced risk insecticides in management programs for L. decemlineata due to much wider margin of safety for mammals and considerably fewer undesirable environmental side effects

The Effect of Chemical and Biofertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) as Second Crop

Effect of chemical and biofertilizers on yield and yield components of pea cultivar ARROW was studied. This trial was conducted in 2009 in a randomized complete block (RCBD) design with three replication and 8 treatments at Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch. The 8 treatments was: 1) control, 2)Yashil application, 3)inoculation of the seeds with Nitragin, 4) inoculation of the seeds with Biosuper, 5) inoculation with Nitragin + Yashil application, 6) inoculation with Biosuper + Yashil application, 7) inoculation with Nitragin + Biosuper, 8) inoculation with Nitragin + Biosuper and application of Yashil. Highest fresh yield was obtained (391.5 gr/m2 )from the 8th treatment, and least yield from the control (275.5gm-2).In other characters under study like biomass highest yield was obtained by application of Yashil with Biosuper inoculation(3341.1g/m2) heaviest hundered seed weight obtained by Yashil application of Biosuper and Nitragin inoculation (64.7g), highest seed number per pod (8) produced by Nitragin inoculation with Yashil application, highest seed number per plant resulted from Nitragin, Biosuper inoculation and Yashil application (30.9), heaviest seed weight per pod and plant were obtained by Biosuper and Nitragin + Yashil inoculation (5.74g and 19.6g) respectively. Based on of the result, it seems that application of biofertilizers would increase the yield and yield components of green pea and if it is accompanied with macro- and micro nutrients the effect would be higher

Effect of Bio and Chemical Fertilizers on Yield, Yield Components and Mycorrhizal Colonization Percent on Common Dill (Anethum graveolens L.)

To study the effect of biofertilizers (mycorrhiza, nitroxin and supernitroplus) and chemical fertilizers (nitrogenous and phosphorus) on yield, components of yield and mycorrhizal colonization percent on commen dill (Anethum graveolens L.) two separate two-year experiment were conducted using a factorial experiment design based on completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions at the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Iran, during 2010 and 2011. Treatments consisted of mycorrhizal application in three levels, (without using mycorrhiza as control, application of species of two mycorrhiza Glomus intraradices and G. mosseae, nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers in three levels (without application as control,applicationofnitroxin and supernitroplus) and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus in three levels including (zero, 50% and 100% of recommended dose according to soil analysis). The results showed that combined and simultaneous application of experimental treatments were effective on number of lateral branch, number of umbel per plant, seed yield and percent of root colonization with mycorrhiza. The combined application of biofertilizers under reduced application of nitrogen and phosphorous chemical fertilizers (zero and 50% recommended dose) affected these positively. Also, separate applications of nitrogen fixing biofertilizers, especially supernitroplus and combined application of mycorrhiza with reduced amounts of chemical fertilizers increased the number of seeds per plant against the control treatment

The Effects of Physical Primings of Seeds on Agronomical Characteristics and Alkaloid Content of Datura

To study the effects of physical seed primings on yield and alkaloid content of datura an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications and 10 different treatments was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Aazd University, Tabriz branch, Iran, during growing season of 2013. Treatments of moist seeds were: ultrasonic treatment of seeds with a maximum of 3 watts, gamma and beta irradiations of seeds at 2 microcurie (µc) for 10 minutes, laser irradiation at 6328 angstrom (A°) and magnetic field of seeds with 40 microtesla (mt) each for 5, 10, 15 minutes respectively and control. Results indicated that seeds treated with gamma irradiation increased plant height over the control by 45%. Highest (206 g.m-2) and lowest (108.3 g.m-2) biological yields were produced when seeds treated with magnetic field for 10 minutes and laser for 5 minutes respectively. Similarly, highest (27.27 g.m-2) and lowest (14.96 g.m-2) seed yields were obtained by treating seeds with magnetic field for 15 minutes and ultrasonic respectively. Alkaloid content in the above ground plant parts was highest when seeds treated with gamma irradiation and lowest with the magnetic field irradiation for 5 minutes. It may be concluded that physical primings of seeds with magnetic field, gamma and laser irradiations would result in higher seed yields

Effects of Physical Seed Priming and Hydropriming on Physiological and Morphological Characteristics, Yield and Harvest Index in Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)

To study the effect of different seed treatments on germination of calendula, an experiment conducted in field with complete randomized block design and three replications, at Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2013. Treatments were: treating the most seeds by ultrasonic with maximum (3 w.m-2) and gamma and beta by 2 µc for 10 minutes, laser by 6328A° and magnetic field by 40 MT for 5, 10 and 15 minutes hydro-priming for 24 hours and control. Results indicate that maximum flower yield (13.85g) was produced by seeds treated with laser irradiation for 15 minutes as compared to that of control (4.34g). Highest biologic yield belonged to seeds treated with magnetic field for 10 minutes (33.20 g.m-2) and lowest to control (7.89 g.m-2). Highest harvest index was obtained from seeds treated by gamma irradiation for 10 minutes (69.07) and lowest for 15 minutes (18.81). It may be suggested that marigold growers may improve crop yield by priming the seeds with magnetic field and laser irradiation before sowing