Modified Bentall procedure with mitral valve replacement in a patient with Marfan syndrome: a case report

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder characterized by fibrillin-1 protein abnormalities, predisposing individuals to cardiovascular complications such as aortic root dilation and mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Management often requires surgical intervention, with the modified Bentall procedure being a standard approach for aortic root replacement. However, managing concomitant mitral valve pathology poses additional challenges due to the complex anatomical relationship between the two valves and the prolonged nature of the procedure. We present a case report of a 35-year-old male with Marfan syndrome who underwent a successful simultaneous modified Bentall procedure and mitral valve replacement for concurrent aortic root aneurysm and mitral valve prolapse. Surgical interventions involved meticulous attention to detail to mitigate risks associated with malpositioned coronary ostial sutures, debridement of the severely calcified mitral valve, and achieving hemostasis. Following surgery, the patient exhibited favorable postoperative outcomes, with evidence of optimal valve function and improved systolic and diastolic parameters, indicative of a successful recovery

Thiophene antibacterials that allosterically stabilize DNA-cleavage complexes with DNA gyrase

A paucity of novel acting antibacterials is in development to treat the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance, particularly in Gram-negative hospital pathogens, which has led to renewed efforts in antibiotic drug discovery. Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibacterials that target DNA gyrase by stabilizing DNA-cleavage complexes, but their clinical utility has been compromised by resistance. We have identified a class of antibacterial thiophenes that target DNA gyrase with a unique mechanism of action and have activity against a range of bacterial pathogens, including strains resistant to fluoroquinolones. Although fluoroquinolones stabilize double-stranded DNA breaks, the antibacterial thiophenes stabilize gyrase-mediated DNA-cleavage complexes in either one DNA strand or both DNA strands. X-ray crystallography of DNA gyrase–DNA complexes shows the compounds binding to a protein pocket between the winged helix domain and topoisomerase-primase domain, remote from the DNA. Mutations of conserved residues around this pocket affect activity of the thiophene inhibitors, consistent with allosteric inhibition of DNA gyrase. This druggable pocket provides potentially complementary opportunities for targeting bacterial topoisomerases for antibiotic development

Nuclear Factor 90(NF90) targeted to TAR RNA inhibits transcriptional activation of HIV-1

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Examination of host cell-based inhibitors of HIV-1 transcription may be important for attenuating viral replication. We describe properties of a cellular double-stranded RNA binding protein with intrinsic affinity for HIV-1 TAR RNA that interferes with Tat/TAR interaction and inhibits viral gene expression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Utilizing TAR affinity fractionation, North-Western blotting, and mobility-shift assays, we show that the C-terminal variant of nuclear factor 90 (NF90ctv) with strong affinity for the TAR RNA, competes with Tat/TAR interaction <it>in vitro</it>. Analysis of the effect of NF90ctv-TAR RNA interaction <it>in vivo </it>showed significant inhibition of Tat-transactivation of HIV-1 LTR in cells expressing NF90ctv, as well as changes in histone H3 lysine-4 and lysine-9 methylation of HIV chromatin that are consistent with the epigenetic changes in transcriptionally repressed gene.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Structural integrity of the TAR element is crucial in HIV-1 gene expression. Our results show that perturbation Tat/TAR RNA interaction by the dsRNA binding protein is sufficient to inhibit transcriptional activation of HIV-1.</p

Salea horsfieldii Gray 1845

Redescription of Salea horsfieldii Gray Gray (1845) based his description of this species on two syntypes, both of which were females. He stated that this species is found in ‘ India, Afghanistan’. Günther (1864), however, reported that the evidently wrong attribution of those specimens’ origin to Afghanistan was actually caused by a mistake on the jar label and only ‘India’ was thereafter considered as the type locality (Boulenger 1885; Smith 1935). Both syntypes are in good state of preservation. Here we redescribe them in detail. The characters of NHM 1946.8.14.12 appear first and those of NHM 1946.8.14.11 are mentioned in square brackets where characters differ. Morphometric and meristic data are shown in Table 2. Redescription of the syntypes (based on NHM 1946.8.14.12 and NHM 1946.8.14.11): (Table 2, Figure 2) Adult females, SVL 79 mm [75 mm]; tail measuring twice as long as the SVL (TL/ SVL 1.94 [2.06]; TrL 37.4 mm [33.4 mm]; although the body was probably compressed in life, after almost 172 years of preservation the trunk has become somewhat flattened (BW/BH 1.23 [1.1]); head moderately sized (HL/SVL 0.25 [0.27]), elongated (HW/ HL 0.71 [0.59]) and almost as wide as high (HW/HH 1.01 [1.13]); eye moderate sized (ED/HL 0.24); orbit diameter is greater than tympanum diameter; EErD nearly equal to one ED; END subequal to ED whereas ESD greater than ED. Snout obtusely pointed; rostral scale nearly thrice wider than high; rostral separate from nasal by one scale; scales on snout rugose, not smaller than those on occiput; keeled scales on supraocular region smaller than those on frontal and occipital region; scales on frontal and occipital region rugose and those on the midline of these two regions are somewhat elongated; no post-orbital spines; canthus rostralis and supracilliary edge sharp; CN (R/L) 3/ 3 [2/3]; nasal single and hexagonal with oval nostril and nasal touches 1 st and 2 nd SL; SUB (R/L) 8/8 (8/10); no ‘wedge’ scales between SUB and SL; SL (R/L) 8/8 [8/8], SL squarish except the 1 st and the last one which are wedge-shaped; tympanum exposed; 3 large, rugose scales from behind orbit to above tympanum; no supratympanic spines; a very low nuchal crest, formed of two rows of strongly keeled, compressed scale rows and the nuchal crest resembles a serrated ridge without well defined spines; mental subpentagonal with two small postmentals behind it; IL (R/L) 7/7; gular scales strongly keeled, imbricate and slightly mucronate; no distinct gular sac apart from an indistinct fold; no transverse fold across gular region; Ante-humeral fold absent; dorsal scales keeled, imbricate and directed backward (scales on ventro-lateral part of trunk, however, show a slight downward tilt); homogenous dorsal scales are mostly subequal with very lighter coloured ones on flank which are a little larger than adjacent scales; SM 36 [38]; no dorsal crest; ventrals strongly keeled, imbricate and mucronate; VEN 53 [50]. Forearm subequal to upper arm in length (FAL/UAL 1.11 [1.25]); Femur subequal to crus in length (FL/CL 1.05 [0.93]); scales on limbs rhomboid, keeled; five slender digits with recurved claws on both manus and pes; lamellae under digits bicarinate; FnLam (R/L) 17/18 [23/21] and TLam (R/L) 24/21 [24/23]. Tail slightly compressed with rhomboid, keeled scales. Top of head of NHM 1946.8.14.12 a light brown colour with dark brown scales scattered randomly and several scales have dark brown edges; loreal, nasal and supralabial region whitish cream with brown edging on posterior border of SL; a dark brown post-orbital streak which ends at the angle of jaw; lower jaw cream, some gular scales with dark brown borders at their edge; in this specimen dorsum is light brown with five dark brown blotches on dorsal midline; flanks blotched and mottled with dark brown; limbs alternatively banded with light and dark brown with a light coloured streak behind thigh; venter whitish cream; tail dark and light banded. Overall ground colouration of dorsum NHM 1946.8.14.11 is grayish brown; patterns of head and limbs similar to the former specimen; dorsal pattern is very faint in this specimen; venter cream. Variations: Ranges of mensural and meristic characters are summarized in Table 2. This species shows sexual dimorphism in several characters and one of them—nuchal and dorsal ornamentation of males—has recently been shown to be present from a very young, even juvenile age (Daniel et al. 2017). Males have a prominent nuchal crest composed of flattened lanceolate spines longest of which are about one and half times of orbit diameter. Dorsal crest of males, which is separated from nuchal crest by 3–5 scales, consists of 16–20 spines from beginning point to sacrum. The dorsal crest continues over the anterior part of tail as a much lower crest. Nuchal and dorsal spines are composed of single, elongated, lanceolate scales with one upwardly directed, keeled scale on each side of their base. Nuchal and dorsal spines are banded alternatively with black and white. Males have a small gular sac. Trunk and tail of males are more strongly compressed than they are in females. Females also have a low nuchal crest composed of two rows of compressed, keeled scales (5/ 6 in number). Females do not possess dorsal crest although adult females usually have a trace of a serrated ridge of keeled scales along dorsal midline. Dorsal, ventral and gular scales are slightly more overlapping in males than they are in females. Colouration of this species is highly variable. Most of the specimens fade to a light brown colour in preservative over time, but the specimens we observed in nature have an olivaceous green background colour. Most of the preserved specimens that we observed and those we observed in the wild had two cream dorsolateral stripes. Some specimens (e.g. ZSI 26220), however, lacked these stripes. Some males (e.g. NHM 1867.8.11.13) show a striking colour pattern where the ground colour is yellowish cream with a dark blackish brown border along the edges of their dorsal scales and also a mottling of the same colour. The dorsal surface of the males’ head sometimes have a dark brown ground colour with an orange yellow spot at the centre of each scale. Generally dark brown transverse blotches are present on the dorsal surface of all specimens and these are interrupted by the light dorsolateral stripes in the specimens which possess these. In several specimens the post-orbital stripe, instead of reaching the angle of mouth, runs along the sides of nape up to forelimb. Light coloured (often white in males), larger sized scales are present sporadically on flank. In one specimen we collected from Pykara (Tamil Nadu, India)— ZSI 26219 —there are 5 ‘wedge’ scales present on the right side of head and 6 on the left side (Figure 3). These are truly ‘wedge’ scales in the sense that these are located in between 4 scales—2 SUB and 2 SL—and therefore cannot be regarded as mere fragmentation of any SUB or SL. However, one specimen (CAS 94351) from a place near Pykara in the collection of the California Academy of Science (California) did not possess such scales whereas one of the two syntypes of Salea jerdonii (NHM 1946.8.14.4) did have ‘wedge’ scales; these were, however, much smaller in size. The ‘wedge’ scales of the specimen from Pykara can therefore be considered an example of intrapopulational variation. Distribution: Salea horsfieldii has been recorded only from the Nilgiri hill range situated north of the Palghat gap, in western Tamil Nadu state (Figure 7). This record is undisputed. Roux (1928) mentioned one specimen from Vandaravu hill which is situated south of Palghat gap. Probably following Roux’s work, Smith (1935) included both Nilgiri and Palni hills in its range. Several authors (e.g. Murthy 1985; Daniel 2002; Das 2002) have subsequently included Palni hills in the distributional range of this species. However, Bhupathy & Kannan (1997) stated that during their study on the agamids of Western Ghats they failed to find specimen of this species anywhere south of the Palghat gap. Srinivas et al. (2008) agreed with the viewpoint of the aforementioned authors regarding the distribution of S. horsfieldii. Ganesh & Aengals (2011) reported on a specimen of S. horsfieldii collected by T. S. N. Murthy of Zoological Survey of India. It reportedly originated from Thandikudi in the Palni hills. The rather brief description of the specimen and associated photograph confirms the identification as S. horsfieldii according to current taxonomy. However, any of the aforesaid dubious recorded localities is most likely to be the result of collections becoming muddled. The Palghat gap is a very important biogeographic barrier and deeply divergent sister clades of several animal groups are often found on opposite sides of this barrier (e.g. John et al. 2013; Robin et al. 2015; Vijayakumar et al. 2016; Robin et al. 2017). To the best of our knowledge, no recent publications mention any first-hand account of sightings of this species in the Palni hills. The third author of the present paper did not come across it in the Palni hills during field work in 2011. Very recently Daniel et al. (2017) supported Bhupathy & Kannan’s (1997) opinion on the distribution of S. horsfieldii and regarded it to be a Nilgiri hills endemic. For all these reasons, we also regard the record of this agamid from Palni hills as dubious and in need of review. We would like to mention here, given that the Palghat gap is a biogeographic barrier, there is strong possibility that should this population be found in the Palni hills, they may be genetically divergent and therefore a different evolutionary lineage. One record from Kudremukh hills is generally considered to be erroneous (Ganesh & Aengals 2011; Srinivasulu et al. 2014). Kelaart (1854) listed S. jerdonii, a synonym of S. horsfieldii, for Sri Lanka but that has proved to be in error (Srinivasulu et al. 2014). Natural History: This species is an inhabitant of humid montane ‘shola’ forests and tea plantations situated between 1600–2500 meters above sea level (Das 2002; Srinivasulu et al. 2014). Smith wrote that this lizard frequents ‘bushes, hedges, and gardens’. We observed them in the morning hours (0900 hr) through to noon (1400 hr) on both cloudy and sunny days. All the members of this species were seen by us in either ‘shola’ type forests or tea estates at 1.5–10 feet above the ground on bushes or trees. The overall gait of this lizard is like that of Calotes spp. but it is considerably slower in movement than the latter. Wall (1922) stated that males of this species assume a bright green colour with yellow head and gular sac when excited. We observed one excited female developing a bluish colour along the edges of some of its dorsal scales. This species primarily eats insects (Das 2002) but recently Kumar et al. (2017) recorded a case of predation on Raorchestes signatus, an endemic bush frog species, by this agamid lizard. Interestingly, we too often found Raorchestes spp. in the same locality where S. horsfieldii was observed, giving further evidence of their predator-prey interaction. Platyplectrurus madurensis and Psammophilus dorsalis were observed to live sympatrically with S. horsfieldii during our survey. They lay 3– 4 eggs (17 X 9 mm) (Smith 1935) and females with eggs were seen in September (Bhupathy & Kannan 1997).Published as part of Das, Sunandan, Campbell, Patrick D., Deuti, Kaushik, Bag, Probhat & Raha, Sujoy, 2019, A contribution to the systematics of Salea anamallayana (Beddome, 1878) and S. horsfieldii Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Agamidae: Draconinae), pp. 563-583 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on pages 566-570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/260148

Plutodes lamisca Swinhoe 1894

&lt;i&gt;Plutodes lamisca&lt;/i&gt; Swinhoe, 1894: 196 &lt;p&gt;(Figs 8&ndash;9, 35&ndash;36)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;TL&lt;/b&gt;: Cherra Punji [Cherrapunji] (Meghalya, India)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; = &lt;i&gt;Plutodes digitata&lt;/i&gt; Kirti &amp; Saxena, 2019: 48, &lt;b&gt;syn. nov.&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;TL&lt;/b&gt;: Gangtok, Sikkim (India))&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material examined:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;India&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Sikkim&lt;/b&gt;, South Sikkim dist.:1 &male;, Namchi, 9.vii.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13657/ H10, NZCZSI).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis:&lt;/b&gt; Forewing length: &male; 15 mm. Externally, &lt;i&gt;P. lamisca&lt;/i&gt; is readily separable from its other congeners by the much-reduced distal rufous patch of hindwing which instead possesses two dark spots (one roundish and another elongated) surrounded by numerous pale rufous spots. The forewing has conjoined or sometimes separate dark rufous, basal areas and distal patches, the latter partly paler inside, lined by irregular pale rufous margins and concolorous streaks scattered within the yellow zones. The male genitalia have a characteristic broad and strong uncus with slightly spatulate and setose apex; the valva is short, basally broad and apically narrowly rounded; sacculus basally broad and distally extended into a pair of short, slender spines having a row of short, tooth-like spines at the inner side and a larger spine perpendicularly set at the outer side. The aedeagus is broad and stout, distally slightly arcuate with vesica having distal con-joined patches of minute spines and a neighbouring group of large cornuti.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Distribution: India:&lt;/b&gt; Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal (Swinhoe 1894, Chettri &amp; Yonle 2021). &lt;b&gt;Global:&lt;/b&gt; Nepal (Yazaki 1992).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Remarks:&lt;/b&gt; The illustration of the habitus of &lt;i&gt;P. digitata&lt;/i&gt; provided by Kirti &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (2019) matches exactly with that of the original description and the one discussed by Hampson (1895). Also, after careful comparison of the genitalia and the habitus of &lt;i&gt;P. lamisca&lt;/i&gt; with that of &lt;i&gt;P. digitata&lt;/i&gt;, we could not find any significant difference to consider both taxa as separate species. So, herein we synonymize &lt;i&gt;P. digitata&lt;/i&gt; with &lt;i&gt;P. lamisca&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh &amp; Singh, Navneet, 2023, A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species, pp. 499-523 in Zootaxa 5323 (4)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 508-509, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8212358"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/8212358&lt;/a&gt

Plutodes quadratus Singh & Raha & Mallick & Kirti & Singh 2023, sp. nov.

Plutodes quadratus sp. nov. (Figs 24–27, 52–54) Holotype: 1 Ô, India, Chhattisgarh, Kabirdham dist., Bhoramdeo WLS, Chilpi FRH, 30.iii.2014, leg. A. Raha & party (8537/H10, NZCZSI). Paratype: 1 &female;, India, Chhattisgarh, Korba dist., Lemru FRH, 24.iii.2014, leg. A. Raha & party (8536/H10, NZCZSI). Diagnosis: Although P. quadratus sp. nov. is slightly larger than P. transmutata and smaller than P. exiguifascia (Wingspan: 32 mm (Hampson, 1893) ≈ Forewing length, 16 mm), these three closely allied congeners can be confusing in identification due to their external similarities. Plutodes quadratus sp. nov. is most reliably diagnosed by the shape of the distal patch on the forewing being roughly quadrate with the inner border, in both sexes, running straight onto the inner margin of the forewing after making an obtuse curvature near the costa. While, in the holotype female of P. exiguifascia (Fig. 28, the only existing specimen for comparison), the inner border of the forewing distal patch is slightly curved and not running straight onto the inner margin, i.e., the inner border is not making a right angle with the inner margin, rather bending outward to meet the inner margin. The inner border of the hindwing distal patch in both the sexes of P. quadratus sp. nov. has a distinct wider and deeper medial invagination than that in P. exiguifascia. Also, there is a small, distinct and acute projection at the end of the hindwing distal patch near the anal angle in both male and female specimens of P. quadratus sp. nov., but this is not evident in either of the other two species. In P. transmutata, the distal patches on both wings are narrower than in the other two species, irregular or “amoeboid”, more of kidney or bean-shaped. So, the yellow areas between the distal and basal patches on both wings in P. transmutata appear much broader than those of the other two congeners. The irregularity in distal patches in P. transmutata is particularly evident on the inner border of the patches where a medial, sharp invagination is present in case of both the wings. Moreover, in P. transmutata, the forewing distal patch ends much narrower at the inner margin. In the male genitalia, P. quadratus sp. nov. is distinct from that of P. transmutata by the shorter uncus with less spatulate tip, narrower valva with more sclerotized, upright and pointed saccular process (which is longer, weakly sclerotized and thumb-like in P. transmutata), and distinctly broader saccus. In P. quadratus sp. nov. the aedeagus is straight, broad at base, gently narrowing at the middle, then again bulbous and ultimately terminating into bunch of setae-like structures at the apex. In female genitalia of P. quadratus sp. nov., corpus bursae is strongly sclerotized, spherical and evenly scobinated with minute spines; ductus bursae short, broad and well sclerotized, a spherical accessory sac with long duct, thrice the length of ductus bursae joined between the junction of ductus bursae and corpus bursae, posterior apophyses are two thirds the length of the anterior apophyses, anal papillae oval, setose and well sclerotized. Description: Male: Head: vertex covered with light yellow scales, frons yellowish-brown; antennae unipectinate, a long apical section probably unpectinated, according to the female paratype and the related species (broken in male holotype); shaft and rami pale ochreous-brown, scape and pedicel pale buff-yellow; palpi short, not reaching the frons, upturned, apically blunt and covered with pale yellow scales. Thorax: collar and patagia covered with yellow scales, tegulae basally yellow, distal half rufous-brown; rest of the thorax rufous-brown dorsally, sternum and legs pale ochreous. Wing: Forewing length: Ô 13 mm. Forewing ground colour pale yellow, moderately broad (length: breadth = 2:1), apex roundish, termen anteriorly straight from apex to middle, then gently curved to tornus; the basal patch small, rufous-brown bordered with thin black, somewhat triangular, with the costal border obliquely straight then making an obtuse angle running straight onto the inner margin; distal patch rufous-brown, bordered with thin silvery-black line, large, broad, roughly quadrate with the inner border, in both sexes, running straight onto the inner margin of the forewing after making an obtuse curvature near the costa (the curvature in male is sharper than female), the costal border running parallel to the costa makes a sharp angle near the apex (this corner of distal patch is more pointed in female) then runs toward the inner margin more or less parallel to the termen, making a wide and gentle curvature below M3 vein. Hindwing: ground colour pale yellow, termen anteriorly straight from apex to middle, then gently curved to anal angle (in female, termen is more roundish); basal patch rufous-brown, triangular, broader at costa, then gradually acute towards the anal angle with the outer border obliquely running straight onto the inner margin; distal patch rufous-brown, broad, somewhat kidney-shaped, outer border gently convex, inner border sinuous with a prominent medial depression; a small, distinct and acute projection at the end of the hindwing distal patch near the anal angle. Undersides of both wings have lighter shades of patches with shapes same as upperside, inside each patch bordered with an irregular, blurred black band. Abdomen: Dorsally rufous-brown with few yellow hair-scales, ventrally also rufous-brown, but with more yellow hair-scales. Genitalia: Uncus slender, apically spatulate; gnathos weakly sclerotized, plate-like; tegumen short, broad; valve narrow, elongated, costa slightly curved, apex round, sacculus weakly sclerotized, broad, short, about one-third the length of ventral margin with an upright, sclerotized, pointed saccular process; juxta weakly sclerotized, proximally broad, distally triangular with blunt tip; vinculum slender, elongated; saccus triangular, broad; aedeagus straight, broad at base, gently narrowing at the middle, then again bulbous and ultimately terminating into bunch of sclerotized setae-like structures at the apex. Female: Forewing length: &female; 14 mm. The pattern is same as male except the inner border of the distal patch on forewing is rounded near costa and not sharply angled as in the male holotype, and the upper right corner of this patch is pointed at apex and not rounded as in male. Genitalia: Papilla analis elliptical; anterior apophysis two-thirds the length of posterior apophysis; ostium round, weakly sclerotized; ductus bursae short, broad and well sclerotized, a spherical accessory sac with long duct, thrice the length of ductus bursae joined at the junction of ductus bursae and corpus bursae; corpus bursae strongly sclerotized, spherical and evenly scobinated with minute spines. Etymology: The new species is named on the basis of the quadrate shape of the distal patch on the forewing which distinguishes it from the similar- looking P. transmutata and P. exiguifascia. Distribution: India: Chhattisgarh. Remarks: The new species inhabits lowland mixed deciduous forests having an altitude range of 300– 600 m.Published as part of Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh & Singh, Navneet, 2023, A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species, pp. 499-523 in Zootaxa 5323 (4) on pages 514-520, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/821235

Salea jerdonii Gray 1846

Systematic status of Salea jerdonii Gray (1846) described Salea jerdonii based on two specimens sent in by T. C. Jerdon. Both specimens were males and therefore had the characteristic nuchal and dorsal crests which led Gray to think that these two specimens may represent two distinct species. Later, Günther (1864) realized that syntypes of S. jerdonii are actually males of S. horsfieldii and subsequently synonymized S. jerdonii. Other workers since (e.g. Boulenger 1885; Smith 1935) also considered S. jerdonii to be a synonym of S. horsfieldii following Günther. However, the original description was very short. Here we have presented the mensural and meristic data of the two syntypes—NHM 1946.8.14.13–14— in Table 2. These two specimens (Figure 4) do not differ from S. horsfieldii in body proportions and scalation data nor do they demonstrate any difference in qualitative characters. Although Gray (1946) stated “Madras” as the type locality, Jerdon (1853) himself stated that these lizards are found only in Nilgiri hills and Smith (1935) also restricted the type locality of S. jerdonii to the Nilgiri hills. Hence it can be seen that these two specimens actually originated from the geographic range of S. horsfieldii. Taking all of this into account we also regard S. jerdonii to be a subjective synonym of S. jerdonii, thus reconfirming the decision made by Günther (1864).Published as part of Das, Sunandan, Campbell, Patrick D., Deuti, Kaushik, Bag, Probhat & Raha, Sujoy, 2019, A contribution to the systematics of Salea anamallayana (Beddome, 1878) and S. horsfieldii Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Agamidae: Draconinae), pp. 563-583 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on page 570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/260148

Plutodes costatus Garaeus

&lt;i&gt;Plutodes costatus&lt;/i&gt; (Butler, 1886: 53) (&lt;i&gt;Garaeus&lt;/i&gt;) &lt;p&gt;(Figs 2&ndash;3, 29&ndash;30)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;TL&lt;/b&gt;: Darjiling [Darjeeling] (West Bengal, India)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; = &lt;i&gt;Plutodes triangularis&lt;/i&gt; Warren, 1893: 388. (&lt;b&gt;TL&lt;/b&gt;: Sikkim; Naga Hills (Nagaland, India))&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material examined:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;India&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Arunachal Pradesh&lt;/b&gt;, Lower Subansiri dist.: 2 &male;, Old Ziro, 2.xi.2018, leg. M. Singh (13632&ndash;33/H10, NZCZSI); 2 &male;, 1 &female;, Old Ziro, 3.ix.2018, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13634/H10, NZCZSI); &lt;b&gt;West Kameng&lt;/b&gt; dist.: 1 &female;, Bomdila, 27.vi.2018, leg. M. Singh (13644/H10, NZCZSI); 2 &male;, 1 &female;, Lama Camp, Eaglenest WLS, 29.v.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13635/H10, NZCZSI); 1 &female;, Shergaon, 9.vii.2018, leg. M. Singh (13639/ H10, NZCZSI). &lt;b&gt;Sikkim&lt;/b&gt;, South Sikkim dist.: 2 &male;, Ravangla, 23.vii.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13637/H10, NZCZSI); Gangtok dist.: 1 &male;, Singtam, 26.vii.2019, leg. M. Singh (13631/H10, NZCZSI); West Sikkim dist.: 1 &male;, Yuksom, 20.xi.2019, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13641/H10, NZCZSI). &lt;b&gt;West Bengal&lt;/b&gt;, Darjeeling dist.: 1 &male;, Jhandi, 10.ix.2018, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13630/H10, NZCZSI); 1 &male;, Echey Gaon, 15.ix.2018, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13640/H10, NZCZSI); 2 &female;, Maneybhajang, 16.ix.2018, leg. M. Singh (13628/H10, NZCZSI); 1 &male;, Rimbick, 18.x.2018, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13642/H10, NZCZSI); 1 &female;, Palmajua, 3.xi.2018, leg. K. Bhattacharaya &amp; party (13643/H10, NZCZSI); 1 &male;, Sitong, 31.vii.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13636/H10, NZCZSI); 1 &male;, Upper Kuwapani, 14.viii.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13629/H10, NZCZSI); Kalimpong dist.: 1 &male;, 2 &female;, Kolakham, 14.iv.2016, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13645/H10, NZCZSI), 1 &male;, 1 &female; Rishop, 5.ix.2016, leg. K. Bhattacharaya &amp; party (13638/H10, NZCZSI), 2 &male;, Lava, 9.xi.2016, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13646/H10, NZCZSI).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis:&lt;/b&gt; Forewing length: &male; 19&ndash;21 mm, &female; 20&ndash;22 mm. The external morphology is similar to &lt;i&gt;P. warreni&lt;/i&gt; Prout, 1923, but is distinct by the following characters: &lt;i&gt;P. costatus&lt;/i&gt; is slightly larger having distinctly broader yellow costal margin with a larger triangular postmedial patch on forewing than &lt;i&gt;P. warreni&lt;/i&gt;; the underside of forewing in &lt;i&gt;P. costatus&lt;/i&gt; has a characteristic narrow, discal patch extending towards the inner margin and a dark, broad subapical patch reaching the middle of outer margin, whereas, in &lt;i&gt;P. warreni&lt;/i&gt; the underside of forewing is of uniform pale brown colour without any discal line, but with a faint sub-apical blackish patch. The male genitalia in &lt;i&gt;P. costatus&lt;/i&gt; are clearly distinctive, with a highly sinuous gnathos, well developed valva sacculus which has a broad, roundish ventral bulge on its slender acute distal extension. The valva sacculus in &lt;i&gt;P. warreni&lt;/i&gt; is less sclerotized, slender, basally somewhat straight with a subapical thickening and a small, curved, acute apex distally. The aedeagus in &lt;i&gt;P. costatus&lt;/i&gt; is broader, with vesica having a distal cornutus and a small patch of minute setae, while that in &lt;i&gt;P. warreni&lt;/i&gt; is slender with vesica having a distal broad patch of minute spines. &lt;i&gt;Plutodes costatus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. warreni&lt;/i&gt; are also closely similar to the Indonesian &lt;i&gt;P. thorbeni&lt;/i&gt; St ̧ning, 2010: 76 (figs 7&ndash;12) in the arrangement of yellow and brown patches on the wings. However, the apical patch on forewing in these two species is conspicuous, making them different from &lt;i&gt;P. thorbeni&lt;/i&gt;, also underside and genitalia clearly distinguish them.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Distribution&lt;/b&gt;: &lt;b&gt;India&lt;/b&gt;: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh (Shimla), Meghalaya (Khasis), Nagaland (Naga hills), Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kalimpong) (Warren 1893, Hampson 1895, Arandhara &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 2017, Chettri &amp; Yonle 2021, Sondhi &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 2021). &lt;b&gt;Global&lt;/b&gt;: China (Yunnan), Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam (Hồng &amp; Sen 2018, Spitsyn &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. 2017, Sţning 2005, Yazaki 1993, 1994).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Remarks&lt;/b&gt;: &lt;i&gt;P. costatus&lt;/i&gt; flies in the mid and upper montane moist deciduous and semi-evergreen undisturbed forests up to 2500 m altitude from May to the early half of November.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh &amp; Singh, Navneet, 2023, A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species, pp. 499-523 in Zootaxa 5323 (4)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 506-508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8212358"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/8212358&lt;/a&gt