Use of a Microwave Pilot Plant for Almond Disinfestation: Study on the Thermal Uniformity of the Treatment and Effect on Volatile Composition

This paper outlines the experimental application of a continuous microwave-assisted (MW) industrial pilot plant for a post-harvest treatment on almond as disinfestation. The analysis of temperature uniformity and of the volatile profile on the unshelled almonds after the physical treatment were also investigated. The major problem during the production, storage and marketing of almonds is the contamination with insects or pests. Microwaves technologies is an alternative procedure to chemical one nowadays applied. The pilot plant has a treatment chamber with five generators of 1,5 kW/each installed along. A PLC operates on Electrical Power and flow rate to configure the operative parameter for the treatment condition. Samples of unshelled almonds from homogeneous batches have been treated with MW at different conditions. Insect mortality in three different life stages: 24-hours old eggs, 24-hours old larvae and mature larvae was evaluated after MW treatments. The uniformity of heating was studied as well as a volatile profile by SPME/GC/MS after the treatment. The results show that the optimal disinfestation effects on eggs and larvae are obtained by subjecting the almonds to a MW treatment at 25-rpm as spiral rotation speed equal to a 55.7 °C as temperature of the almond. The temperatures reached, during the treatment and the related time, were not sufficient for the development of oxidative aldehydes, secondary products of the lipid oxidation. An increase in volatile compounds, important for the characteristic almond flavour such as benzhaldeyde and 3-methylbutanol, has been observed

Climate and landscape composition explain agronomic practices, pesticide use and grape yield in vineyards across Italy

Context Worldwide, organic farming is being promoted as one of the main alternatives to intensive conventional farming. However, the benefits of organic agriculture are still controversial and need to be tested across wide environmental gradients. Objective Here, we carried out an observational study to test how agronomic practices, pest management, environmental impact and yield of conventional and organic vineyards changed along wide climatic and landscape gradients across Italy. Methods We used a block design with 38 pairs of conventional and organic vineyards across Italy. Results and conclusions Most agronomic practices did not differ between conventional and organic vineyards. By contrast, landscape composition and climate were strong predictors of management in both systems. First, increasing semi-natural areas around the vineyards reduced pesticide pressure and related environmental impacts, but was also associated with lower yield. Second, irrespective of the farming system, a warm and dry climate was associated with reduced fungicide pressure. Conventional farming had a yield gain of 40% in cold and wet climate compared to organic but the yield gap disappeared in the warmest regions. Significance In both farming systems, we observed a large variability in management practices that was mainly explained by climate and landscape composition. This large variability should be considered when evaluating the benefits and drawbacks of different farming systems under contrasting environmental contexts

Use of a Microwave Pilot Plant for Almond Disinfestation: Study on the Thermal Uniformity of the Treatment and Effect on Volatile Composition

This paper outlines the experimental application of a continuous microwave-assisted (MW) industrial pilot plant for a post-harvest treatment on almond as disinfestation. The analysis of temperature uniformity and of the volatile profile on the unshelled almonds after the physical treatment were also investigated. The major problem during the production, storage and marketing of almonds is the contamination with insects or pests. Microwaves technologies is an alternative procedure to chemical one nowadays applied. The pilot plant has a treatment chamber with five generators of 1,5 kW/each installed along. A PLC operates on Electrical Power and flow rate to configure the operative parameter for the treatment condition. Samples of unshelled almonds from homogeneous batches have been treated with MW at different conditions. Insect mortality in three different life stages: 24-hours old eggs, 24-hours old larvae and mature larvae was evaluated after MW treatments. The uniformity of heating was studied as well as a volatile profile by SPME/GC/MS after the treatment. The results show that the optimal disinfestation effects on eggs and larvae are obtained by subjecting the almonds to a MW treatment at 25-rpm as spiral rotation speed equal to a 55.7 °C as temperature of the almond. The temperatures reached, during the treatment and the related time, were not sufficient for the development of oxidative aldehydes, secondary products of the lipid oxidation. An increase in volatile compounds, important for the characteristic almond flavour such as benzhaldeyde and 3-methylbutanol, has been observed