Biogeochemical Study of Copper Mineralized Zone near Kalyadi, Karnataka

Ultramafics intercalated with metasedimentaries in Kalyadi area host copper mineralization and the overburden of this mineralized zone has been studied from the point of geobotany and biogeochemistry. In the mineralized zone, the soil cover is very thin (1–1.5 ft), and supports sparse and stunted vegetation. Shrubs dominate the herbs and trees. Dodonaea viscosa, Cassia auriculata, Maytenus emerginata, Pavetta indica, Erythro xylon, Tecoma stans, Aerva lanata, Hyptis suaveolens, Atylosia albicans, Stachyterphyta indica, Chromolaena odarata are the plant species which have been studied and sampled. Morphologically, no significant changes could be made out from the species growing in the mineralized area. Depending upon the distribution and homogeneity of the plant species sampling has been carried out following a grid pattern. The elements analyzed for plant species and soil included Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn and Mg. Trace element study of soil and floral species indicates moderate but inhomogenous dispersion of Cu from the bed rock source. Only a few samples of Leguminosae, Dodonaea viscosas, Erthyron xylon, Leucas ciliata and Pavetta indica showed slightly higher values. Thus, these species are considered as better up-takers of copper. Restricted Cr, Ni and Co in almost all the analyzed plants could be due to their lesser mobility. The overall biogeochemical observation has helped to recognize Leucas ciliata, Cassia auriculata and Erthyron xylon as species slightly favourable for Cu up-take and could serve as local indicators. Statchyterphyta indica is recognized as a good up-taker of Zn

Bioethanol Production

In recent decades, usage of biofuels as fossil fuel substitutes has increased. One method for lowering both crude oil use and environmental pollution is the production of ethanol (bioethanol) from biomass. This report offers an examination of the existing state of affairs and future prospects for biomass-to-ethanol. We examine different conversion routes from a technological, economic, and environmental standpoint. The main focus of this study is on the yield of ethanol from molasses in relation to the dilution ratio and the quantity of yeast used for fermentation while maintaining a constant fermentation temperature and time. In this investigation, the feedstock is sugarcane molasses. A thick by-product of turning sugar cane into sugar is sugarcane molasses. Consequently, sugarcane molasses and other agricultural byproducts are desirable feedstock for the manufacture of bioethanol. Agricultural wastes are cheap, abundant, and renewable. The least expensive strain for the conversion of biomass substrate is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As a conclusion, it was found that the ethanol yield increased with an increase in yeast quantity, reaching an optimal yeast quantity before ethanol yield started to drop. The ideal ratio of molasses to water was found to be 1:2. The amount of fermentable sugars contained in the biomass has a significant impact on the output of ethanol