Molecular differences in the KRAS gene mutation between a primary tumor and related metastatic sites - case report and a literature review.

In recent years the the set of diagnostic tools in colorectal cancers has been extended by the assessment of the KRAS gene status. Currently it is a necessary step in order to qualify patients for the targeted therapy. The results of the analysis of several studies revealed a high rate of compliance of the KRAS gene mutational status in primary and metastatic tumors. In this paper we present a rare case of incompatibility of the KRAS mutations in the primary tumor located in the colon and metastatic changes in the liver

Selective gene expression profiling of mTOR-associated tumor suppressor and oncogenes in ovarian cancer

The aim of this study was to selectively profile the activation status of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-associated oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in ovarian cancer specimens, healthy ovaries and benign ovarian tumors, including endometrial cysts. We used a novel type of microfluidic gene array to examine the expression of 15 human tumor suppressors and oncogenes in ovarian cancer specimens of 53 patients, benign ovarian cysts of 29 women (endometrial and simple) and 11 healthy ovaries of individuals in whom the material was obtained during total hysterectomies performed because of fibroid changes. The array was custom-designed to include the following genes: NF1, RHEB, mTOR1, AKT-1, PTEN, TSC1, TSC2, KRAS, RPS6KB1, 4EBP1, TP53, EIF4E, STK11, PIK3CA and BECN1. Confirmatory immunohistochemical detection was performed for a group of selected proteins. Particularly significant differences were observed as to the expression of PTEN (p < 0.0001), TP53 (p = 0.0003), PIK3CA (p = 0.0003) and BECN1 (p = 0.0014) which were shown to be downregulated in cancer patients when compared to healthy ovaries and benign ovarian cysts (endometrial and simple). These markers did not show association with grade or stage of the tumor. Immunohistochemistry showed that PTEN, TP53, PIK3CA and BECN1 proteins are expressed in ovarian cancer. Our results indicate that there are significant differences in the expression of some of the mTOR-related tumor suppressors and oncogenes which could be associated with the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. (Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica 2011; Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 317&#8211;324

Cytological picture of the oral mucosa in patients with gastric and colon cancer

The incidence of malignant gastrointestinal cancers in Poland has been constantly growing, which hasled to an intensification of the search for new markers of the early clinical stage of this disease. The oral cavity,as the first part of the gastrointestinal tract, has a very important role. The oral cavity presents symptoms of bothtypically stomatological and systemic diseases. Oral cancers, benign or malignant, may originate and grow in anyof the tissues of the mouth, and within this small area they may be of varied clinical, histological and biologicalfeatures. These can be lesions typically observed in the oral cavity, but also characteristic of cases where thesymptoms occur both in the mouth and in other body parts. The aim of this study was to present a cytologicalpicture of the oral mucosa in patients with gastric and colon cancer and to compare the cytological picture withthat obtained from a group of patients with no cancer, using the Papanicolaou classification and the Bethesdasystem. The study was conducted in 126 patients treated surgically in the II General and GastroenterologicalSurgery Clinic between 2006 and 2008. All patients were divided into two groups based on the type of lesions. Inboth of the studied groups, more than half of the patients did not present any abnormalities in the mucosa of themouth, lips and cheeks in the physical examination. None of the patients had erosion, ulceration or lesionstypical of leukoplakia or lichen planus. No malignant cells were detected in either of the studied groups, andthere were no well-defined lesions found in the oral cavity that would distinguish the patients with gastrointestinalcancer. (The incidence of malignant gastrointestinal cancers in Poland has been constantly growing, which hasled to an intensification of the search for new markers of the early clinical stage of this disease. The oral cavity,as the first part of the gastrointestinal tract, has a very important role. The oral cavity presents symptoms of bothtypically stomatological and systemic diseases. Oral cancers, benign or malignant, may originate and grow in anyof the tissues of the mouth, and within this small area they may be of varied clinical, histological and biologicalfeatures. These can be lesions typically observed in the oral cavity, but also characteristic of cases where thesymptoms occur both in the mouth and in other body parts. The aim of this study was to present a cytologicalpicture of the oral mucosa in patients with gastric and colon cancer and to compare the cytological picture withthat obtained from a group of patients with no cancer, using the Papanicolaou classification and the Bethesdasystem. The study was conducted in 126 patients treated surgically in the II General and GastroenterologicalSurgery Clinic between 2006 and 2008. All patients were divided into two groups based on the type of lesions. Inboth of the studied groups, more than half of the patients did not present any abnormalities in the mucosa of themouth, lips and cheeks in the physical examination. None of the patients had erosion, ulceration or lesionstypical of leukoplakia or lichen planus. No malignant cells were detected in either of the studied groups, andthere were no well-defined lesions found in the oral cavity that would distinguish the patients with gastrointestinalcancer.

Molecular differences in the KRAS gene mutation between a primary tumor and related metastatic sites - case report and a literature review.

In recent years the the set of diagnostic tools in colorectal cancers has been extended by the assessment of the KRAS gene status. Currently it is a necessary step in order to qualify patients for the targeted therapy. The results of the analysis of several studies revealed a high rate of compliance of the KRAS gene mutational status in primary and metastatic tumors. In this paper we present a rare case of incompatibility of the KRAS mutations in the primary tumor located in the colon and metastatic changes in the liver

Lipid mediators involved in the oxidative stress and antioxidant defence of human lung cancer cells

Background: The oxidative modifications of bioactive macromolecules have important roles in carcinogenesis. Of particular interest are lipid peroxidation products, which are involved in the activation of Nrf2 and endocannabinoids that affect cancer progression. Methods: In lung cancer tissues (squamous cell lung carcinoma - SCC and adenocarcinoma - AC), the glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity and glutathione level, together with the expression of Nrf2 and its activators/inhibitors were estimated. The oxidative modifications of DNA (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and N7-methylguanine), endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2- arachidonylglyceriol), their receptors (CB1/2, TRV1, GPR55), phospholipid fatty acids (arachidonic, linoleic and docosahexaenoic), and reactive aldehydes (4-hydroxynonenal, 4-oxononenal and malondialdehyde) were determined. Results: Tumour tissues showed lower antioxidant capacity than healthy tissues, which was accompanied by lower levels of fatty acids and higher levels of reactive aldehydes. Disturbances in antioxidant capacity and enhanced DNA oxidative modifications were observed in 88% of AC patients and 81% of SCC patients. The 4-hydroxynonenal-Histidine adducts were detected in the necrotic and stromal cells in all tumours. These findings were associated with the enhanced Nrf2 activity, especially in AC. The strong difference between the cancer subtypes was evident in the levels of endocannabinoids, with an increase in 89% of SCC and a decrease in 85% of AC patients being observed. Additionally, the increase in the expression of CB1/2 receptors was observed only in 82% of AC, while the expression of VR1 and GPR55 was enhanced in 79% of SCC and 82% of AC patients. Conclusions: This study shows significant differences in the redox status, Nrf2 pathway and endocannabinoid system between SCC and AC tissues. Understanding the relation between the various lipid mediators and antioxidants in different lung cancer subtypes may be beginning for further research on the effective anticancer therapy

Immunoaging – the effect of age on serum levels of NET biomarkers in men: a pilot study

Objectives The study aimed to evaluate the impact of aging on the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The impaired formation of NETs is the cause of an abnormal innate immune response. Material and Methods The study included a total of 45 healthy male subjects of different age groups. Whole blood was collected from the subjects, and the concentration of myeloperoxidase (MPO), the main biocidal protein in NETs, was determined in serum using ELISA. The serum levels of circulating free DNA (cfDNA), which are the structural basis of NETs, were also measured by fluorescence. In addition, the white blood cell count was determined, whole blood smear was evaluated, and the neutrophillymphocyte ratio was calculated. The variations in the levels of NET biomarkers were analyzed in different age groups. Results The low levels of MPO (243.70 ng/ml) and cfDNA (6.24 ng/100 μl) in boys indicated neutrophil insufficiency for NETosis in children. A progressive increase in the levels of MPO and cfDNA with age was observed among adolescents (420.91, p = 0.04; 13.55, p = 0.03, respectively), with the highest level noted in the healthy adult group (466.58, p = 0.01; 14.07, p = 0.01, respectively). The levels of the studied parameters were comparable in adolescents and young adults, which proved that the NETosis process was appropriate and suggested the attainment of neutrophil maturity for the release of NETs in adolescence. The levels of MPO and cfDNA were low in older men (225.46, p < 0.01; 5.19, p < 0.01, respectively) indicating impaired NET formation. Conclusions Data on the generation of NETs in different age groups obtained in this study can allow a better understanding of the ontogenesis of the immune system in terms of the course of NETosis, and also indicate the need to support nonspecific responses in children and adults. Further research should be performed to determine the possibility of regulating the NETosis process. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(3):333–4

Immunoaging – the effect of age on serum levels of NET biomarkers in men: a pilot study

Objectives The study aimed to evaluate the impact of aging on the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The impaired formation of NETs is the cause of an abnormal innate immune response. Material and Methods The study included a total of 45 healthy male subjects of different age groups. Whole blood was collected from the subjects, and the concentration of myeloperoxidase (MPO), the main biocidal protein in NETs, was determined in serum using ELISA. The serum levels of circulating free DNA (cfDNA), which are the structural basis of NETs, were also measured by fluorescence. In addition, the white blood cell count was determined, whole blood smear was evaluated, and the neutrophillymphocyte ratio was calculated. The variations in the levels of NET biomarkers were analyzed in different age groups. Results The low levels of MPO (243.70 ng/ml) and cfDNA (6.24 ng/100 μl) in boys indicated neutrophil insufficiency for NETosis in children. A progressive increase in the levels of MPO and cfDNA with age was observed among adolescents (420.91, p = 0.04; 13.55, p = 0.03, respectively), with the highest level noted in the healthy adult group (466.58, p = 0.01; 14.07, p = 0.01, respectively). The levels of the studied parameters were comparable in adolescents and young adults, which proved that the NETosis process was appropriate and suggested the attainment of neutrophil maturity for the release of NETs in adolescence. The levels of MPO and cfDNA were low in older men (225.46, p &lt; 0.01; 5.19, p &lt; 0.01, respectively) indicating impaired NET formation. Conclusions Data on the generation of NETs in different age groups obtained in this study can allow a better understanding of the ontogenesis of the immune system in terms of the course of NETosis, and also indicate the need to support nonspecific responses in children and adults. Further research should be performed to determine the possibility of regulating the NETosis process

Cytological picture of the oral mucosa in patients with gastric and colon cancer

The incidence of malignant gastrointestinal cancers in Poland has been constantly growing, which has&lt;br /&gt;led to an intensification of the search for new markers of the early clinical stage of this disease. The oral cavity,&lt;br /&gt;as the first part of the gastrointestinal tract, has a very important role. The oral cavity presents symptoms of both&lt;br /&gt;typically stomatological and systemic diseases. Oral cancers, benign or malignant, may originate and grow in any&lt;br /&gt;of the tissues of the mouth, and within this small area they may be of varied clinical, histological and biological&lt;br /&gt;features. These can be lesions typically observed in the oral cavity, but also characteristic of cases where the&lt;br /&gt;symptoms occur both in the mouth and in other body parts. The aim of this study was to present a cytological&lt;br /&gt;picture of the oral mucosa in patients with gastric and colon cancer and to compare the cytological picture with&lt;br /&gt;that obtained from a group of patients with no cancer, using the Papanicolaou classification and the Bethesda&lt;br /&gt;system. The study was conducted in 126 patients treated surgically in the II General and Gastroenterological&lt;br /&gt;Surgery Clinic between 2006 and 2008. All patients were divided into two groups based on the type of lesions. In&lt;br /&gt;both of the studied groups, more than half of the patients did not present any abnormalities in the mucosa of the&lt;br /&gt;mouth, lips and cheeks in the physical examination. None of the patients had erosion, ulceration or lesions&lt;br /&gt;typical of leukoplakia or lichen planus. No malignant cells were detected in either of the studied groups, and&lt;br /&gt;there were no well-defined lesions found in the oral cavity that would distinguish the patients with gastrointestinal&lt;br /&gt;cancer. (The incidence of malignant gastrointestinal cancers in Poland has been constantly growing, which has&lt;br /&gt;led to an intensification of the search for new markers of the early clinical stage of this disease. The oral cavity,&lt;br /&gt;as the first part of the gastrointestinal tract, has a very important role. The oral cavity presents symptoms of both&lt;br /&gt;typically stomatological and systemic diseases. Oral cancers, benign or malignant, may originate and grow in any&lt;br /&gt;of the tissues of the mouth, and within this small area they may be of varied clinical, histological and biological&lt;br /&gt;features. These can be lesions typically observed in the oral cavity, but also characteristic of cases where the&lt;br /&gt;symptoms occur both in the mouth and in other body parts. The aim of this study was to present a cytological&lt;br /&gt;picture of the oral mucosa in patients with gastric and colon cancer and to compare the cytological picture with&lt;br /&gt;that obtained from a group of patients with no cancer, using the Papanicolaou classification and the Bethesda&lt;br /&gt;system. The study was conducted in 126 patients treated surgically in the II General and Gastroenterological&lt;br /&gt;Surgery Clinic between 2006 and 2008. All patients were divided into two groups based on the type of lesions. In&lt;br /&gt;both of the studied groups, more than half of the patients did not present any abnormalities in the mucosa of the&lt;br /&gt;mouth, lips and cheeks in the physical examination. None of the patients had erosion, ulceration or lesions&lt;br /&gt;typical of leukoplakia or lichen planus. No malignant cells were detected in either of the studied groups, and&lt;br /&gt;there were no well-defined lesions found in the oral cavity that would distinguish the patients with gastrointestinal&lt;br /&gt;cancer.