Ukupan broj čestica prašine i udeo respirabilne frakcije u vazduhu tovilišta za svinje

In swine fattening units, where animals are densely confined, dust from the animals, their skin, hair, feces and urine and their feed, especially during agitation and emptying, can rise to harmful levels both for workers and pigs. Dust level is the highest in winter, although it increases whenever pigs are fed, handled, or moved. At least one third of dust particles are within the respirable size range and can affect lung tissues, large and small airways. Considering all problems that occur with dust in swine confinement buildings, the aim of the study was determination of the portion of respirable dust fraction in the total number of dust particles throughout the fattening period. The experiment was carried out on one pig farm near Belgrade in 1999 and 2000 during the winter months. The results obtained by the conimetric method point to the large amount of respirable dust particles (greater than 70%) in all dust samples taken from the air at all vertical levels above the floor (20, 50 and 170 cm) in the full fattening pig unit (180 pigs).U vazduhu objekata za tov svinja čestice prašine potiču od samih životinja, ćelija njihove kože, dlake, sasušenih ćelija fecesa i urina, hrane za životinje i drugog usitnjenog materijala. Njihov broj se povećava za vreme uznemiravanja životinja ili pražnjenja objekata i može dostići nivo opasan kako za zdravstveno stanje samih životinja, tako i za zdravstveni status radnika. Količina prašine u vazduhu tovilišta se naročito povećava u toku zimskih meseci kada su objekti zatvoreni. Najmanje jedna trećina ukupnog broja čestica prašine pripada respirabilnoj frakciji koja penetrira plućna tkiva i sve disajne puteve. Uzimajući u obzir sve probleme u vezi sa prašinom u vazduhu tovilišta, cilj rada je bilo ispitivanje udela respirabilne frakcije čestica prašine u objektu za tov svinja kapaciteta 180 tovljenika. Eksperiment je obavljen na farmi svinja u blizini Beograda u toku zimskih meseci 1999. i 2000. godine. Rezultati dobijeni konimetrijskom metodom ukazuju na veliki udeo respirabilnih čestica prašine u svim uzorcima vazduha uzetih sa visine od 20, 50 I 170 cm iznad poda, kao i u svim fazama tova u objektu punog smeštajnog kapaciteta

Stočarska proizvodnja u 21. veku u evropskim zemljama sa aspekta dobrobiti životinja i zaštite životne sredine

The paper points to basic principles of the livestock production in Europe in the 21st century. Welfare of domestic animals and impacts from animal production practices on the environment were discussed in the work, too. Pollution of air, land and water derived from the livestock production is of major concern. International environmental management standards, mostly used in the manufacturing industry, could be used in agricultural to increase quality of environmental management and decrease risk of environmental problems. .U radu su iznete osnovne smernice stočarske proizvodnje u evropskim zemljama sa aspekta dobrobiti domaćih životinja i zaštite životne sredine. Postojeći sistemi gajenja domaćih životinja u intenzivnom uzgoju prouzrokovali su niz zdravstvenih poremećaja domaćih životinja multifaktorijalne etiologije kao i ekološke probleme, počev od zagađenja vazduha štetnim gasovima, preko eutrofikacije voda i zemljišta. Načini rešavanja postojećih problema izneti su u ovom radu.

Infectivity of Trichinella spiralis larvae in pork buried in the ground

Time of survival and infectivity of Trichinella spiralis larvae in pig muscle tissue, buried at various depths in the ground were assessed. In the pork pieces the number of infective larvae was 250 ML/g. Meat originated from pig halves was divided in 39 equal pieces, 0.7 kg each, disposed in three groups of 13, and buried in depths of 30, 50, and 100 centimeters respectively. The pork was dug up at 13 intervals, approximately every week, until 91(st) day of the experiment. After each time interval, infectivity of larvae was assessed by bioassay on rats. The artificially infected rats were sacrificed on 42(nd) day after the infection and meat was examined by the following methods - artificial digestion and trichinoscopy. It was found that the larvae during all 90 days preserved infectivity in each depth

Uticaj dezificijensa na različite sojeve Listeria monocytogenes

The objective of this work was to determine which of the examined disinfectants represents the agent of choice for isolates of L monocytogenes originating from foodstuffs of animal origin and if there are differences regarding sensitivity associated with specific serotypes. Disinfectant A (sodium hypochlorite + phosphates + alkali) did not exhibit a listericidal effect on any examined serotype, while disinfectants B (10 % hydrochloride of 1- dodecyl-1.4.7- triazooctane - 8- carbonic) and C (acidic iodoform with tenside- iodine complex)) exhibited a listericidal effect against most strains. Desinfectant B had the greatest effect at the highest working concentration (2 %) with a very significant difference (p lt 0.01) in comparison with the listericidal effect of disinfectant C. Analysis of the sensitivity of different serotypes of L monocytogenes showed that, despite evident higher or lower sensitivity to disinfectant B, the antigenic structure (seroype) was not related to the sensitivity of the examined strains. However, with disinfectant C, the greatest listericidal effect was exhibited on serotypes 3a and 112b, while it was smaller for other serotypes of L monocytogenes. Statistically very significant differences (p lt 0.01) and significant differences (p lt 0.05) were detected between the mean inhibition zones of most serotypes of L monocytogents. Therefore, the sensitivity of different strains of L. monocytogenes originating from foodstuffs of animal origin to disinfectants can be related to the antigenic structure, actually the serotype (C) or not (disinfectant B).Cilj ovog rada je da odgovori na dva vrlo značajna pitanja: prvo, koji od ispitivanih dezinficijenasa ispoljava najbolji dezinfekcioni efekat na sojeve Listeria monocytogenes, poreklom iz namirnica animalnog porekla i drugo, da li u pogledu osetljivosti L monocytogenes prema ispitivanim dezinficijensima postoje razlike uslovljene serotipskom pripadnošću. Dezificijens A (natrijum hypochlorit+phosphati+alkalija) nije ispoljio listericidni efekat ni prema jednom ispitivanom serotipu, dok su dezificijensi B (10% hydrochloride 1-dodecil-1,4,7-triazooctan-8-carbonska kiselina) i C (kiseli iodoform satensid-iodnim kompleksom) ispoljili listericidni efekat prema većem broju sojeva. Dezificijens B ispoljio je najviši baktericidni efekat pri najvišoj radnoj koncentraciji sa statistički vrlo značajnom razlikom (p lt 0,01) u odnosu na listericidni efekat dezificijensa C. Analizom rezultata osetljivosti različitih sojeva Listeria monocytogenes utvrđeno je da i pored evidentne ispoljene osetljivosti listerija prema dezificijensu B, antigensa struktura odnosno, serotip nema većeg značaja u pogledu osetljivosti ispitivanih sojeva. Medutim dezificijens C, najveći listericidni efekat ispoljio je prema listerijama serotipa 3a i 1 /2b, dok je prema ostalim serotipovima bio manji. Između aritmetičkih sredina zona inhibicije većine serotipova, utvrđene su statistički vrlo značajne razlike (p lt 0,01), odnosno značajne razlike (p lt 0,05). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je osetljivost različitih sojeva L monocytogenes poreklom iz namirnica animalnog porekla bila ispoljena prema dezinficijensu B, kao i da osetljivost listerija prema ispitivanim dezinficijensima zavisi od njihove antigenske strukture odnosno serotipske pripadnosti

What is and why we need animal welfare?

Добробит животиња је широк појам који може различито да се дефинише. За потребе овог рада, под термином „добробит животиња“ подразумевају се све активности на заштити физичке, психичке и генетске целовитости животиња. Добробит животиња није једносмерна, већ двосмерна активност која обухвата и заштиту истих целовитости човека, који користи животиње за производњу хране, природних влакана, лекова, козметичких средстава, у промету, у биомедицинским наукама и образовању, за спорт и забаву и као кућне љубимце. Зато се добробит животиња може посматрати као превентивна мера и мотивација за унапређење јавног здравља, сигурности и безбедности хране, за спречавање социјалних и политичких несугласица, за одрживост сточарства и ветеринарске праксе, за конкурентност и изградњу „бренда“ и „имиџа“.Animal welfare is a broad term and may be defined differently. For the purpose of the article the term “animal welfare” will be defined as all activities on the protection of physical, mental and genetic integrities of an animal. However, these activities are not unidirectional. They are bidirectional and also related to human beings who use animals for production of food, natural fibres, drugs, and cosmetics, for trade, in biomedical science and education, in sport and entertainment and as pets, too. Therefore, animal welfare may be considered as a preventive measure and motivation for public health and food safety, social and political conflicts, for sustainability of livestock production and veterinary practice, for competitiveness, brand and image building

The assesment of stress reaction of pigs after transportation based on hematological parameters

У транспорту свиња, посебно при испоруци товљеника, животиње су изложене великом узнемиравању и напору, што проузрокује стрес. То релативно брзо исцрпљује функционалну резерву коре надбубрежних жлезда и може да доведе до њене инсуфицијенције. Узнемиравање услед грубог поступка и малтретирања, као и страх од премештања, утовара, истовара, транспорт под неповољним условима, хладноћа, врућина, гладовање, жеђ, међусобна туча у претрпаним превозним средствима погодују развоју стреса и утичу на ток и исход адаптационе реакције. У раду је приказан значај транспорта као мултифазног стресора, са последицама које има на хематолошке параметре свиња после обављеног транспорта.In transportation of pigs, especially in the delivery of fatlings, the animals are exposed to great harassment and exertion, which causes stress. This relatively quickly exhausts the functional reserve of the adrenal cortex and can lead to its insufficiency. Harassment by rough procedure and maltreatment, as well as fear of transfer, loading, unloading, transport under unfavorable conditions, cold, heat, starvation, thirst, and fighting in overcrowded vehicles are suitable for development of stress and influence the course and outcome of the adaptive response. The paper describes the importance of transport as a multiphase stressor, with consequences that it has on the hematological parameters of pigs after the completion of transport

Methodological approach to farm animal welfare assessment (Cattle, pigs, poultry)

Cilj rada je upoznavanje sa metodologijom ocene dobrobiti domaćih životinja na farmama, koja se primenjuje u zemljama Evropske unije. Metodologija ocene dobrobiti prikazana u radu odnosi se na mlečne krave, tovnu junad, priplodne krmače i prasad, tovne svinje, koke nosilje i brojlere. Dobrobit domaćih životinja na farmama ocenjuje se na osnovu direktnih i indirektnih pokazatelja dobrobiti. Indirektni pokazatelji dobrobiti odnose se na kvalitet smeštajnog prostora i opreme (indikatori resursa) i na kvalitet poslovanja (indikatori menadžmenta). Direktni pokazatelji dobrobiti odnose se na samu životinju, njenu telesnu kondiciju, zdravstveno stanje, uključujući odsustvo povreda, bolesti, bola, straha, kao i na ponašanje i emocionalni status životinje. Na osnovu direktnih pokazatelja i dobrobiti, može se otkriti da li se životinja pravilno hrani i poji, da li su joj obezbeđeni odgovarajući uslovi smeštaja, da li je zdrava, kako na nju utiču spoljašnji faktori kao što su oprema i pribor, druge životinje, ljudi, ali i kako se radnici na farmi ophode prema životinjama.The aim of the paper is to familiarize veterinarians with a farm animals welfare assessment methodology which is applied in the European Union. Animal welfare assessment methodology presented in this paper refers to dairy cows, beef cattle, sows with piglets, fattening pigs, laying hens and broilers. The welfare of domestic animals on farms is assessed on the basis of direct and indirect indicators. Indirect indicators of welfare relate to the quality of accommodation facilities and equipment (resource indicators) and the quality of the business (management indicators). Direct indicators of welfare relate to the animal itself, its body condition, health condition, including the absence of injury, illness, pain, fear, its behavior and emotional status. Direct welfare indicators reveal whether the animal is properly fed and watered, whether it provided with adequate housing conditions, whether it is healthy, how it behaves with respect to equipment and supplies, other animals, people, and how farmers relate to animals (human/animal relationship)

Characterisation of airborne dust particles in horse stalls

U radu su ispitivane kvantitativne i kvalitativne osobine čestica prašine u vazduhu 30 štala za konje u selima u okolini Beograda i Požarevca. Ispitivanja su obavljana u zimskoj i letnjoj sezoni. Sva merenja su ponovljena tri puta. Kvantitativna i kvalitativna analiza uzorkovane prašine obavljena je koniometrijskim metodom. Vazduh je uzorkovan na visini od 80 cm (zona disanja konja). Takođe je uzorkovan 15 minuta pre radnih aktivnosti u štalama, kao što su ižđubravanje i hranjenje konja, u toku radnih aktivnosti i 15 i 30 minuta posle radnih aktivnosti. Istraživanjima su ustanovljene znatno veće koncentracije prašine u zimskoj nego u letnjoj sezoni. Koncentracija čestica prašine respiratorne frakcije je takođe bila veća u zimskim nego u letnjim mesecima. Najviše su bile zastupljene čestice prašine nepravilnog i sferičnog oblika.In the study qualitative and quantitative properties of airborne dust particles in 30 horse stalls were examined during winter and summer months in villages near Belgrade and Požarevac in Serbia. All measures were repeated three times in each stall. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of sampled dust particles were performet by coniometric method. Air were sampled 80 cm (horse breathing area).. Also, air were sampled 15 minutes before custom daily working activities, such as waste removal from stalls and horse feeding , during these activities, 15 and 30 minutes after these activities. The investigation disclosed the statistically higher level of airborne dust particles in winter months than in summer months. The level of respiratory fraction in airborne dust samples was also higher during winter than summer months. Dust particles of irregular and spherical shape dominated

Ispitivanje uticaja postupaka dezinfekcije na higijenu u zanatskoj klanici

The objective of this work was to establish, on the grounds of obtained results for the total number of bacteria before and after completed disinfection, whether there are differences in the efficiency of disinfection performed by a professional and disinfection carried out by an unqualified employee in a private slaughterhouse. The material used in these investigations were samples of wet-dry swabs taken over a course of five weeks, before and after disinfection carried out by an unqualified employee and the skilled professional, from the following: the knife used for evisceration, the floor in the evisceration area, from the table serving for bristle removal, and from the floor underneath the bristle removal surface. The wet-dry swabs were taken according to the procedure described in the standard method ISO 18593 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal methods for sampling techniques from surfaces using contact plates and swabs). Analyzing the taken samples, the total number of bacteria was determined using the standard method ISO 4833 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms - Colony-count technique at 30°C). Disinfection was carried out using a chlorine preparation (sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate) in a concentration of 0.02% and for an exposure period of 30 min. The results were interpreted on the grounds of the border values in evaluating the hygiene of the equipment, tools, and work surfaces, presented in Commission Decision 471/2001/ EC. The results of the investogations have shown that the disinfection performed by the skilled professional was more efficient than the disinfection performed by the unqualified person, as the total number of bacteria was significantly smaller (p lt 0.01) in the course of all 5 experimental weeks on the evisceration knife, the floor under the bristle removal surface, during weeks 1, 2 and 5, and on the floor in the evisceration area in weeks 1 and 5.Cilj rada je bio da se na osnovu dobijenih rezultata ukupnog broja bakterija pre i posle izvršenih dezinfekcija utvrdi da li su postojale razlike u efikasnosti dezinfekcije koju je izvršilo stučno lice i dezinfekcije koju je sprovelo nestručno lice zanatske klanice. Materijal za ova istraživanja su bili uzorci vlažno-suvih briseva uzetih tokom pet nedelja, pre i posle različitih postupaka dezinfekcije: sa noža kojim se vrši evisceracija, sa podne površine na mestu gde se vrši evisceracija, sa stola za skidanje dlaka i sa poda ispod stola za skidanje dlaka. Postupak uzimanja vlažno-suvog brisa je urađen prema standardnoj metodi ISO 18593 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal methods for sampling techniques from surfaces using contact plates and swabs). Iz uzetih uzoraka određen je ukupan broj bakterija standardnom metodom ISO 4833 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms - Colony-count technique at 30°C). Dezinfekcija je obavljena hlornim preparatom (natrijum dihlorizocijanurat dihidrat) u koncentraciji od 0,02%; vreme ekspozicije je 30 min. Rezultati su interpretirani na osnovu graničnih vrednosti kod ocene higijene opreme, alata i radnih površina, predstavljeni u Commission Decision 471/2001/EC. Rezultati ispitivanja su pokazali da je dezinfekcija koju je izvršilo stručno lice bila efikasnija od dezinfekcije koju je izvršilo nestručno lice jer je ukupan broj bakterija bio značajno manji (p lt 0,01), u toku svih V eksperimentalnih nedelja na nožu za evisceraciju, na podnoj površini ispod stola za skidanje dlaka u I, II i V nedelji, i na podu na mestu gde se vrši evisceracija u I i V nedelji

Karantin i karantinske bolesti i njihov značaj u epizootiologiji zaraznih bolesti domaćih životinja

Infective animal diseases, especially enzootic, epizootic and panzootic., have always been a great problem in veterine producing remarkable economical damage. Fight against infective diseases is very important part of veterine praxis and demands permanent attention. One of such preventive measures is quarantine of live animals, their spearm, embriotransfers, raw materials and animal products. .Zarazne bolesti životinja su svojom pojavom uvek predstavljale veliki zdravstveni problem u stočarstvu i nanosile značajne ekonomske štete, naročito kada se radi o enzootijama, epizootijama ili panzootijama. Borba protiv zaraznih bolesti je uvek prisutna u veterinarskoj praksi i obavezuje na stalnu budnost. Primena određenih preventivnih mera ima za cilj sprečavanje pojave, suzbijanje i iskorenjivanje zaraznih bolesti na teritoriji jedne zemlje a samim tim i unapređenje stočarstva i povećanje brojnog stanja stoke kao važnog činioca bržeg razvoja poljoprivrede. Jedna od takvih preventivnih mera je karantin živih životinja, njihove sperme, embrioniranih jajnih ćelija kao i sirovina i proizvoda poreklom od životinja