Association Reaction of Na+ and Br- Ions in (70, 80, 90 and 95 Mass per Cent) tert-Butanol-Water Mixtures

Molar conductivities of electrolyte NaBr in tert-butanol-water mixtures (“VBuOH = 0-7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95) were measured in a temperature range from 288.15 to 308.15 K at 5 K intervals. These data were processed by means of conductivity equations after Fuoss-Hsia and Lee-Wheaton. The obtained values for limiting molar conductivity (A0), association constant (JfA) and distance parameter (R) were compared and discussed. The calculation was repeated for a two-parameter version of these equations with R = <7Bjerrum- The obtained association constants at different temperatures were used in determining the standard thermodynamic quantities of the association reaction of Na+ and Br- ions. These values were compared with literature data for the association of H+ and Br- ions

Clinical pharmacology consultation: a better answer to safety issues of drug therapy during pregnancy?

PURPOSE: drug safety classifications give a very basic estimation of risk and should only be used as general guideline when assessing risk of pregnancy-related drug exposure or planning treatment. We conducted a study to assess the strength of association between both the clinical pharmacologists' risk assessment and the FDA risk categorization, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. ----- METHODS: we retrospectively reviewed records of 1,076 patients consecutively referred to the clinical pharmacology outpatient clinic for pregnancy-related drug exposure (2000-2008). Clinical pharmacologists' risk assessments were reviewed in relation to FDA drug categorization and available pregnancy outcomes. ----- RESULTS: overall, clinical pharmacologists' risk estimation was in agreement with the FDA risk categorization system in only 28% of consulted women, and in only 9% of women with high-risk exposure (FDA DX). Clinical pharmacologists' risk assessment confirming high-risk drug exposure had a better positive predictive value for adverse pregnancy outcomes than the FDA DX categorization (25% vs 14% respectively), while the negative predictive values were similar (92% vs 94% respectively). Clinical pharmacologists' risk assessment was a better predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes compared with FDA risk categorization (OR 2.11 [95%CI 1.5-3.1; p < 0.001] vs OR 1.52 [95%CI 1.1-2.1; p = 0.014] respectively). ----- CONCLUSIONS: additional evaluation beyond the FDA drug classification is essential for safer and more rational drug use in pregnancy. Clinical pharmacologists who have undergone rigorous medical training are ideally placed to consult on administration of medicines in pregnant women, thus making the prescribing of treatments in that patient category substantially safer and more rational