3 research outputs found

    EVOLUTION DE L'OCCUPATION-UTILISATION DU SOL EN CONTEXTE AGRICOLE INTENSIF : ESSAI DE SIMULATION DE LA COUVERTURE HIVERNALE DES SOLS DANS LE PERIMETRE IRRIGUE DE KALAAT LANDALOUS (NORD-EST TUNISIE)

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    The objective of this study is to develop a reproducible method that allows for a short-term prediction (5 years) of the winter cover of soils in the irrigated perimeter of Kalaât Landalous (idea inspired by the work of CORGNE S., 2004). Indeed, this type of coverage has a proven impact on water quality. It affects the transfer of pollutant flows from agriculture in the irrigated areas. His prediction, can be an aid to programming of actions in projects to restore the water quality. However, it raises a number of methodological problems. Approximate approach which is based on an expert model and uses the rule of the Dempster-Shafer evidence was chosen because it allows to take into account the vagueness and gaps in knowledge related to the problem and available data, and involve a degree of confidence in the results produced. Predictions of winter cover soil are carried out according to two hypotheses "Soils covered" and "bare soil covered by little." After determining the spatiotemporal dynamics of past changes, especially from a series of multi-temporal remote sensing images, and have defined the factors motivating the changes past and future, the fusion of information sources that are these factors will be conducted with the rule of Dempster-Shafer (CORGNE S., 2004).L'objectif de cette étude est de développer une méthode reproductible qui permet d'effectuer une prédiction à court terme (5 ans) de la couverture hivernale des sols dans le périmètre irrigué de Kalaât Landalous (idée inspirée des travaux de CORGNE S., 2004). En effet, ce type de couverture a un impact avéré sur la qualité de l'eau. Il influe sur le transfert des flux de polluants d'origine agricole au sein des périmètres irrigués. Sa prédiction, peut constituer une aide à la programmation d'actions dans le cadre de projets de restauration de la qualité de l'eau. En revanche, elle pose un certain nombre de problèmes d'ordre méthodologique. Une approche approximative qui se base sur un modèle expert et qui utilise la règle des évidences de Dempster-Shafer a été retenue puisqu'elle permet de prendre en compte l'imprécision et les lacunes de connaissances liées à cette problématique et aux données disponibles, et d'associer un degré de confiance aux résultats produits. Des prédictions de la couverture hivernale des sols sont effectuées selon les deux hypothèses " Sols couverts " et " sols nus à peu couverts ". Après avoir déterminé les dynamiques spatio-temporelles des changements passés, notamment à partir d'une série multi-temporelle d'images de télédétection, et avoir défini les facteurs motivants les changements passés et à venir, la fusion des sources d'informations qui représentent ces facteurs sera réalisée avec la règle de Dempster-Shafer (CORGNE S., 2004)

    Compilation de données radar et optiques pour la cartographie des classes d'occupation du sol aux environs du système lacustre de Bizerte (Tunisie du Nord)

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    article publié en français (p. 2-13), avec un résumé étendu en anglais (p. 14-15), et 3 planches couleur hors-texte (p. 53-54)International audienceRadar, owing to its geometry acquisition (directional and side viewing) and longer wavelengths, provides unique information on the Earth’s surface. It is complementary to optical remote sensors. The response of a scene to the wave emitted by a radar sensor is dependent primarily on a large number of factors including moisture, roughness, amount of vegetation, geometric structure of the scene, and, secondarily, on parameters of the system itself (wavelength, angle of incidence, polarization). Many studies have focused on the physical understandingof polarimetry, including backscatter, when characterizing a target (Huynen, 1970). The purpose of this work is to assess the potentialof radar data for the characterization of a complex lacustrine area and to evaluate the complementarity between radar and optical data for the identification of land use/land cover types. The study area is the lake system of Ichkeul-Bizerte, one of the important components of Tunisian coastal landscapes. It is located in northern Tunisia between latitudes N 37° 19’ and N 37° 5’. The area belongs to a collapse zonesurrounded by small hills and consequently the catchment is receiving various kinds of materials, inducing complex physical, chemical and biological processes in the water system. In the present study, multifrequency remote sensing data are used. A preprocessing phase wasperformed on the radar data, including geometric corrections and speckle reduction. Several speckle reduction filters were tested on radar bands (Median, Lee Kuan and Frost). Two evaluation criteria were used : a visual test and a statistical criterion. Color composite images have been produced, combining HH, HV and VV channels (plate 1). Intensity variations of the radar signal can be observed, which can be explained by wind-induced roughness differences of lake surfaces (Bizerte lake and Ichkeul lake). Mean backscatter is maximum in HV channel, for built-up and forest classes. Statistical and visual results of filtered images allowed us to retain the Enhanced Frost filter with a 3 x 3 pixels window. In addition to reducing speckle, this filter keeps the contours and details of information contained in radar channels. Using a 9 x 9 filter improves the separability between built-up and forest classes. Afterwards, radar images (ASAR and Palsar) and optical images (Landsat) have been re-sampled to the same pixel size of 15 m. The identification of the different scene components is based on their textural and spectral behavior. Textural parameters were calculated using the approach based on the co-occurrence matrix developed by Haralick et al. (1973). Least correlated parameters have been choosen. Thus, eight texture parameters were selected: standard deviation, mean, uniformity, dissimilarity, entropy, correlation, second angular momentum and contrast. These texture parameters are calculated for each of the radar bands CVV, LHV et LHH, unfiltered to preserve textural information. The optical data texture analysis was done using a mathematical morphology method that relies on processing techniques insensitive to radiometric variations (Kombé, 1999). Landsat ETM1 channel served as input image for morphological treatments. This approach included three phases : extraction of small structures, determination of an urban mask and reconstruction of urban patches. The evaluation of the potential of the various radar and optical data (spectral and textural) for identification and classification of land cover classes is made by means of multivariate statistical analysis. This analysis is used to the selection of variables and to study the optimal combinations of parameters to better discriminate cover classes. The linear combination method used is the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which consists of a mathematical processing based on the analysis of the covariance of the image or the correlation matrix of several sets of data (Bonn and Rochon, 1992). Data integration was made in four steps, starting from the unfiltered data and going to processed data using different operator types. When a new parameter is added, it is checked whether this latter increases the total discriminant power obtained,based on the MPCC (Mathematical Programming with Complementary Constraints) and Kappa parameters. The results of performance classifications made after the four stages of application of the statistical analysis are presented at table 2. This gives us an overall classification accuracy of 75% from step I; this means that, on the basis of microwave multipolarisation information only, we are able to map only the main land cover classes. A filtered channel has improved the discrimination of different classes. The land cover classes are better identified with welldrawn boundaries and a high rate of elimination of isolated pixels. The average of correctly classified pixels (MPCC) is 86.7%. The textural channels improved separation between different classes of soil occupation. The percentage of correctly classified pixels reached 94.2%. The adding of the ETM1 derived channel obtained following the morphological processing in the linear combination has allowed the discrimination of urban structures on the classified image and increased the percentage of correctly classified pixels, reaching 96.2%. The final document generated by these treatments consists of a land use/land cover map. Altogether, eight classes are determined (plate 2). The evaluation of the results of the different steps is done based on MPCC parameters and on the Kappa index. The comparison of the land cover map andavailable cartographic document shows that the map derived from remote sensing data shows better cartographic fineness: it highlights localheterogeneity in the various classes.Le but de ce travail est de présenter une méthodologie d’analyse et d’interprétation d’images satellitaires multisources radar RSO (ASAR et PALSAR) et optiques (Landsat ETM) visant à intervenir dans le domaine de la cartographie des classes d’occupation de sol dans les environs d’un système côtier méditerranéen qui est le système lacustre de Bizerte-Ichkeul. Les potentiels des données satellitaires ASAR, PALSAR et Landsat-7 sont comparées pour cartographier les principales classes d’occupation de sol du domaine d’étude. Les données radar polarimétriques de différents types (en bandes C et L ; en polarisations parallèles et croisées) brutes et filtrées, de même que des indices de texture (moyenne, écart-type, second moment angulaire, entropie, etc.) sont extraits de ces données. Des attributs géométriques extraitsdes données numériques par application des opérateurs de la morphologie mathématique (ouverture, fermeture, chapeau haut de forme) sont intégrés aux données précédentes. Après application de l’analyse statistique multivariée, seuls les paramètres les plus significatifs sontretenus et utilisés en quatre étapes dans un modèle de combinaison linéaire pour la mise en évidence des principales composantes du paysage côtier

    Varia 2010

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    Pour bĂ©nĂ©ficier de l'envoi par courriel des avis de mise en ligne ainsi que des informations diverses collectĂ©es par "Informations - GĂ©ographie Physique", veuillez vous inscrire Ă  la lettre de Physio-GĂ©o (en bas et Ă  gauche de la page d'accueil ou par courriel : [email protected]). Les personnes inscrites Ă  la lettre de Physio-GĂ©o qui n'ont pas accès aux fichiers pdf par l'intermĂ©diaire de leur organisme, peuvent les obtenir gracieusement auprès de la revue ([email protected]). Quarante et un articles ont Ă©tĂ© reçus en 2010. Onze articles ont Ă©tĂ© mis en ligne (1 soumis en 2008, 5 soumis en 2009 et 5 soumis en 2010). Pour les articles reçus et/ou mis en ligne sont intervenus comme rĂ©viseurs : Mohammed Achite (Maroc), FrĂ©dĂ©ric Alexandre, Djamal Al Karkouri (Maroc), Mparany Andriamihamina (Madagascar), Julien Andrieu, ValĂ©rie Andrieu-Ponel, Pierre-Alain Ayral, Moulay Belkhodja (AlgĂ©rie), KhĂ©loufi Benabdeli (AlgĂ©rie), Federico Boenzi (Italie), Christophe Bouvier, Nathalie Carcaud, El Amine Cherif (AlgĂ©rie), Anne-Laure Cognard-Plancq, Jeannine Corbonnois, Dov Corenblit, Claude Cosandey, Adeline Cotonnec, Nicole de Courcel de GarambĂ©, Christophe Cudennec, Yvette Dewolf, Bernard Dumont, Yahia El Khalki (Maroc), Christophe Esposito, Cyril Fleurant, Pierre Freytet, Nourredine Gaaloul (Tunisie), François Gazelle, Emmanuel Gille, Pierre GuĂ©rĂ©my, Dominique Harmand, Hamadi Hbaieb (Tunisie), FrĂ©dĂ©ric Hoffmann, Raouf Karray (Tunisie), Jean-Pierre Laborde, Abdellah Laouina (Maroc), RenĂ© LhĂ©naff, Jacques Lepart, Patrick Louis, Brice Martin, Mohamed Meddi (AlgĂ©rie), Khalladi Mederbal (AlgĂ©rie), Michel Mietton, Vincent Ollivier, AndrĂ© Ozer, Marie-JosĂ©e Penven, Philippe Ponel, Christian Puech, Simone Ratsivalaka (Madagascar), Jean Riser, Éric Roose, Henri Rougier, Jean-NoĂ«l Salomon, Laurent Schmitt, Dominique Sellier, Georges SerpantiĂ©, Yacine Spiga (AlgĂ©rie), Pierre Usselmann, Marie-Claude Valaison, Emmanuelle Vaudour. Les rĂ©visions des articles publiĂ©s en 2010 ont Ă©tĂ© coordonnĂ©es par les membres du comitĂ© de direction : Claude Martin, Jean-Louis Ballais, AĂŻcha Benmohammadi, Marianne Cohen, Georges De Noni, Bertrand Lemartinel et Alain Marre. Ultimes corrections et composition des textes : Claude Martin
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