2,6-Bis(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine butyric acid monosolvate dihydrate

In the title compound, C19H13N5·C4H8O2·2H2O, the mol­ecular skeleton of the 2,6-bis­(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine (bbip) mol­ecule is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.023 Å). An extensive three-dimensional network of inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds consolidates the crystal packing, which also exhibits π–π inter­actions between the five- and six-membered rings from neighbouring bbip mol­ecules

4-[(9-Ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)imino­meth­yl]phenol

In the title compound, C21H18N2O, the dihedral angle between the phenol ring and the carbazole system is 39.34 (2)°. Inter­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π and π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.426 (2) and 3.768 (2) Å] stabilize the crystal structure

(E)-3-[4-(Dimethyl­amino)phen­yl]-1-(2-pyrid­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title mol­ecule, C16H16N2O, the pyridine ring and non-H atoms of the =CH—C(=O)— unit are coplaner, the largest deviation being 0.045 (2) Å for the O atom. The dihedral angle between this plane and the benzene ring is 2.79 (2)°. The mol­ecular structure is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯π and inter­actions

Adipic acid–2,6-bis(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine–water (1/2/4)

The asymmetric unit of the title hydrated co-crystal, 2C19H13N5·C6H10O4·4H2O, consists of one 2,6-bis(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine molecule, half of an adipic acid molecule (bisected by an inversion center) and two water solvates. In the crystal, N—H...O, O—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.769 (2) and 3.731 (2) Å] form a three-dimensional supramolecular structure

Exploring the Antioxidant Effects and Periodic Regulation of Cancer Cells by Polyphenols Produced by the Fermentation of Grape Skin by Lactobacillus plantarum KFY02

Lactobacillus plantarum KFY02 (LP-KFY02) was isolated from naturally fermented yoghurt in Xinjiang. We previously demonstrated that LP-KFY02 has good biological activity in vitro. In this study, LP-KFY02 was used to ferment grape skin, and the LP-KFY02 fermented grape skin extract solution (KFSE) was examined for its antioxidant ability in a human embryonic kidney (293T) cell oxidative damage model caused by H2O2 and its inhibitory effect on human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. The results showed that KFSE reduced the degree of oxidative damage in 293T cells, increased the relevant expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and GSH-peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and decreased the expression levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO). The expression of genes and proteins of SOD, CAT, GSH, and GSH-Px was up-regulated. In addition, KFSE-induced growth inhibition appeared to be through induction of cell-cycle arrest. This induction was accompanied by a reduction in the expression of cell-cycle genes, such as cyclin-D1 and CDK4. In addition, KFSE induced gene expression of p21, the apoptosis gene wild-type p53 and the caspase family. At the protein expression level, Bax and Caspase-8 were up-regulated, and the inflammatory marker Nuclear Factor Kappa-B (NF-κB) was down-regulated. The fermentation solution polyphenols were separated and identified as epicatechin gallate, coumarin, new chlorogenic acid, rutin, resveratrol, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, etc. by HPLC. Overall, these results demonstrate that KFSE significantly attenuated oxidative damage in 293T cells and inhibited tumor growth in HepG2 cancer cells, induces cell-cycle arrest and affects proteins involved in cell-cycle regulation and proliferation. This suggests that KFSE may also be explored as a neo-adjuvant to expansion of hepatoma

Fabrication of Porous Hydrophilic CN/PANI Heterojunction Film for High-Efficiency Photocatalytic H₂ Evolution

The modulation of surface wettability and morphology are essential to optimize the photocatalytic H2 evolution activity of graphitic carbon nitride (CN)-based photocatalysts. In this work, the porous hydrophilic CN/PANI heterojunction film was prepared via interfacial polymerization and loaded on a porous PCL substrate. The construction of the type-II CN/PANI heterojunction enabled an overall spectrum response and the efficient separation and transportation of photoexcited charge carriers. The fabricated CN/PANI solid-state film in comparison with its powder counterpart elevated the utilization efficiency and maintained the long-term stability of photocatalyst. The porous morphology and hydrophilic surface increased the surface area and enhanced the surface wettability, favoring water-molecule adsorption and activation. The as-prepared CN/PANI heterojunction film exhibited photocatalytic H2 production activity up to 3164.3 μmol·h−1·g−1, which was nearly 16-fold higher than that of pristine CN (569.1 μmol·h−1·g−1)

Preventive Effects of Lactobacillus Plantarum YS4 on Constipation Induced by Activated Carbon in Mice

This study was designed to analyze the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum YS4 (LP-YS4) on activated carbon-induced constipation in ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice. The mice were fed on YS4 and LB (Lactobacillus bulgaricus), followed by inducing constipation. The results of the experiment suggested that anti-gastric acid and bile salt activities of LP-YS4 were more effective than LB. It was conclusive that LP-YS4 could inhibit the weight loss induced by constipation and had an effect on fecal weight, particle number and further decrease in water content initiated by constipation. At the same time, LP-YS4 could increase gastrointestinal (GI) transit rate and limit the time of the first black stool defecation. It could also raise the motilin (MTL), endothelin (ET), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) serum levels and reduce the somatostatin (SS) level in constipated mice as compared to the mice in control group. LP-YS4 could reduce myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in small intestinal tissue of mice and raise glutathione (GSH) levels as compared to the control group mice. By H&E (hematoxylin-eosin) assay, we determined that LP-YS4 could reduce the small intestinal tissue injury by activated carbon. Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) experiment data demonstrated that LP-YS4 has the capability to increase c-Kit, stem cell factor (SCF), glial cellline-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA (messenger RNA) expressions and decrease transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expressions in small intestine tissue of constipated mice. High concentration of LP-YS4 exhibited much better effects than that of LB. From these results, LP-YS4 could be considered as an effective substance that actively inhibits constipation

Comparison of Antioxidative Effects of Insect Tea and Its Raw Tea (Kuding Tea) Polyphenols in Kunming Mice

Kudingcha is a traditional Chinese tea, and insect tea is a special drink produced by the metabolism of insect larvae using the raw Kuding tea. Insect tea polyphenols (ITP) and its raw tea (Kuding tea) polyphenols (KTP) are high-purity polyphenols extracted by centrifuge precipitation. The present study was designed to compare the antioxidative effects of insect tea polyphenols (ITP) and its raw tea (Kuding tea) polyphenols (KTP) on d-galactose-induced oxidation in Kunming (KM) mice. KM mice were treated with ITP (200 mg/kg) and KTP (200 mg/kg) by gavage, and vitamin C (VC, 200 mg/kg) was also used as a positive control by gavage. After determination in serum, liver and spleen, ITP-treated mice showed higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) activities and lower nitric oxide (NO), malonaldehyde (MDA) activities than VC-treated mice, KTP-treated mice and untreated oxidation mice (control group). By H&E section observation, the mice induced by d-galactose-induced oxidation showed more changes than normal mice, and oxidative damage appeared in liver and spleen tissues; ITP, VC and KTP improved oxidative damage of liver and spleen tissues, and the effects of ITP were better than VC and KTP. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot experiments, it was observed that ITP could increase the mRNA and protein expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), cupro/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and reduce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in liver and spleen tissues compared to the control group. These effects were stronger than for VC and KTP. Both ITP and KTP had good antioxidative effects, and after the transformation of insects, the effects of ITP were better than that of KTP and even better than VC. Thus, ITP can be used as an antioxidant and anti-ageing functional food