64 research outputs found
Debljina intime medije karotidnih arterija: zamjenski biljeg ateroskleroze
Atherosclerosis is chronic, progressive disease of the arterial wall with onset decades prior to its clinical manifestations. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) measurement by ultrasound is an important tool for evaluation of early stages of atherosclerosis. Also, carotid intima-media thickness can be used for assessment of therapeutic effect of various regimens. Carotid IMT is sensitive marker of atherosclerosis. The causal relationship between carotid IMT and the clinical endpoint has been established on the basis of epidemiological studies and clinical trials. The strength of carotid IMT as a marker of atherosclerosis is enhanced by the fact that it may yield pathophysiological information at an early stage of atherogenic process.Ateroskleroza je kroniÄna progresivna bolest stjenke arterija koja poÄinje desetljeÄima prije kliniÄkih manifestacija. Mjerenje zadebljanja intime i medije karotidnih arterija ultrazvukom je znaÄajna metoda za procjenu ranijih stadija ateroskleroze. Osim toga, mjerenje zadebljanja intime i medije karotidnih arterija može poslužiti za procjenu uÄinka razliÄitih terapijskih postupaka. Zadebljanje intime i medije karotidnih arterija je osjetljiv pokazatelj ateroskleroze. UtvrÄena je uzroÄna povezanost zadebljanja intime i medije karotidnih arterija i kliniÄkog ishoda temeljem epidemioloÅ”kih studija i kliniÄkih pokusa. ZnaÄaj zadebljanja intime i medije karotidnih arterija kao pokazatelja ateroskleroze je poveÄan Äinjenicom da može pružiti patofizioloÅ”ke podatke o ranim stadijima aterogenog procesa
Incidencija cerebrovaskularnih bolesti u Zagrebu tijekom proÅ”loga desetljeÄa
During the last decade Croatia was faced with war and population migration that entailed socioeconomic changes, modification of lifestyle, risk factors and health care, thus influencing the incidence and outcome of stroke. Data on patients admitted to University Department of Neurology in the years 1990 and 1999 were compared to estimate the incidence and prevalence of stroke and stroke subtypes, risk factors and outcome. In 1999, the number of stroke patients was almost twofold that recorded in 1990 and stroke patients were by 5 years younger. In 1999, there were more first-ever strokes (the incidence of crude first stroke increased by 57%), whereas the number of recurrent strokes increased in men and decreased in women. The proportion of ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage did not significantly change, whereas parenchymatous hemorrhage increased in women. Hypertension was more common (83% versus 62%), whereas the prevalence of other risk factors did not change significantly. Patients were more often discharged for home care instead of rehabilitation center care. Mortality decreased in men and increased in women, whereas case fatality and crude mortality decreased leading to an increased stroke burden.Tijekom proÅ”loga desetljeÄa Hrvatska je bila zahvaÄena ratnim zbivanjima koja su donijela mnoge politiÄke, socioekonomske i kulturoloÅ”ke promjene. Promjena naÄina života svakako je utjecala na modifikaciju Äimbenika rizika, pa tako i na incidenciju i ishod moždanog udara. U ovom istraživanju usporeÄeni su podatci o incidenciji, prevalenciji, vrstama i ishodu moždanog udara kod bolesnika koji su primljeni na Kliniku za neurologiju tijekom prijeratne 1990. i poslijeratne 1999. godine. U 1999. godini bilo je skoro dvostruko viÅ”e bolesnika, incidencija prvog moždanog udara porasla je za 57%, dok je broj ponovljenih moždanih udara porastao u muÅ”karaca, a pao u žena. Udio ishemijskog moždanog udara i subarahnoidnog krvarenja nije se statistiÄki znaÄajno promijenio, dok je broj parenhimnih krvarenja kod žena porastao. Hipertenzija se javljala ÄeÅ”Äe (83% naprama 62%), dok se zastupljenost drugih Äimbenika rizika nije promijenila. Bolesnici su se u 1999. ÄeÅ”Äe otpuÅ”tali na kuÄnu njegu nego na rehabilitaciju. OpÄa smrtnost i smrtnost u muÅ”karaca je u 1999. godini pala, dok je kod žena bila u porastu
Incidencija cerebrovaskularnih bolesti u Zagrebu tijekom proÅ”loga desetljeÄa
During the last decade Croatia was faced with war and population migration that entailed socioeconomic changes, modification of lifestyle, risk factors and health care, thus influencing the incidence and outcome of stroke. Data on patients admitted to University Department of Neurology in the years 1990 and 1999 were compared to estimate the incidence and prevalence of stroke and stroke subtypes, risk factors and outcome. In 1999, the number of stroke patients was almost twofold that recorded in 1990 and stroke patients were by 5 years younger. In 1999, there were more first-ever strokes (the incidence of crude first stroke increased by 57%), whereas the number of recurrent strokes increased in men and decreased in women. The proportion of ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage did not significantly change, whereas parenchymatous hemorrhage increased in women. Hypertension was more common (83% versus 62%), whereas the prevalence of other risk factors did not change significantly. Patients were more often discharged for home care instead of rehabilitation center care. Mortality decreased in men and increased in women, whereas case fatality and crude mortality decreased leading to an increased stroke burden.Tijekom proÅ”loga desetljeÄa Hrvatska je bila zahvaÄena ratnim zbivanjima koja su donijela mnoge politiÄke, socioekonomske i kulturoloÅ”ke promjene. Promjena naÄina života svakako je utjecala na modifikaciju Äimbenika rizika, pa tako i na incidenciju i ishod moždanog udara. U ovom istraživanju usporeÄeni su podatci o incidenciji, prevalenciji, vrstama i ishodu moždanog udara kod bolesnika koji su primljeni na Kliniku za neurologiju tijekom prijeratne 1990. i poslijeratne 1999. godine. U 1999. godini bilo je skoro dvostruko viÅ”e bolesnika, incidencija prvog moždanog udara porasla je za 57%, dok je broj ponovljenih moždanih udara porastao u muÅ”karaca, a pao u žena. Udio ishemijskog moždanog udara i subarahnoidnog krvarenja nije se statistiÄki znaÄajno promijenio, dok je broj parenhimnih krvarenja kod žena porastao. Hipertenzija se javljala ÄeÅ”Äe (83% naprama 62%), dok se zastupljenost drugih Äimbenika rizika nije promijenila. Bolesnici su se u 1999. ÄeÅ”Äe otpuÅ”tali na kuÄnu njegu nego na rehabilitaciju. OpÄa smrtnost i smrtnost u muÅ”karaca je u 1999. godini pala, dok je kod žena bila u porastu
NeurozaŔtita u akutnom moždanom udaru: ima li joŔ nade?
Efficacious treatment of acute stroke is a major challenge in modern medicine. Therapeutic neuroprotection acting towards minimization of ischemic neuronal injury in penumbral tissue in the regions of reduced cerebral blood flow seems to be an appealing concept in the treatment of acute stroke and brain trauma. The āischemic cascadeā, a complex mechanism of metabolic events initiated by brain ischemia, offers many pathways by which the neuroprotective agents may act. Time to treatment remains a major limiting factor for many potential neuroprotective agents. Although the exact therapeutic window is not known, evidence from many animal models and clinical research suggest that neuroprotective therapy can only be efficacious if administered very early after the onset of ischemia. Various neuroprotective agents have been tested in many clinical stroke trials during the past 20 years. Large phase III clinical trials of several classes of neuroprotectants (mainly NMDA receptor antagonists, free radical scavengers, and calcium channel blockers) have recently failed to demonstrate efficacy of neuroprotection. After initial disappointment, the active research continues and some new exciting neuroprotective models emerge on the horizon.UÄinkovito lijeÄenje akutnog moždanog udara velik je izazov u suvremenoj medicini. Terapijska neurozaÅ”tita kojom bi se ishemijsko neuronsko oÅ”teÄenje u tkivu penumbre u podruÄjima smanjenog moždanog krvnog protoka svelo na najmanju moguÄu mjeru Äini se primamljivom zamisli u lijeÄenju akutnog moždanog udara i moždane traume. āIshemijska kaskadaā, odnosno složen mehanizam metaboliÄnih dogaÄaja Å”to ih potiÄe moždana ishemija, nudi mnoÅ”tvo putanja kojima bi neurozaÅ”titna sredstva mogla djelovati. Vrijeme proteklo do poÄetka lijeÄenja ostaje glavnim ograniÄavajuÄim Äimbenikom za mnoga potencijalna neurozaÅ”titna sredstva. Iako toÄan terapijski prozor nije poznat, rezultati dobiveni u mnogobrojnim životinjskim modelima i kliniÄkim istraživanjima ukazuju na to da bi neurozaÅ”titna terapija mogla biti uÄinkovita samo ako se dade vrlo rano nakon nastupa ishemije. Tijekom posljednjih 20 godina razliÄita neurozaÅ”titna sredstva ispitivana su u moždanom udaru u mnogim kliniÄkim pokusima. Nedavno provedeni veliki kliniÄki pokusi III. faze s nekoliko skupina neurozaÅ”titnih sredstava (uglavnom antagonista NMDA receptora, ÄistaÄa slobodnih radikala i blokatora kalcijevih kanala) nisu dokazali uÄinkovitost neurozaÅ”tite. Nakon prvotnog razoÄaranja djelatna se istraživanja nastavljaju, a na obzoru se naziru neki novi i uzbudljivi modeli neurozaÅ”tite
Preporuke za lijeÄenje dijabetiÄne polineuropatije
Diabetes is a chronic disease that requires continual medical care and patient self-management education in order to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of longterm complications. Diabetes is the leading known cause of neuropathy in developed countries, and neuropathy is the most common complication and the leading source of morbidity and mortality in diabetes patients. Diabetic polyneuropathy is primarily symmetric sensory neuropathy, initially affecting distal lower extremities. Patients have evidence of nerve damage at the time their diabetes is diagnosed in 10%-18% of cases, suggesting that even early impairment of glucose handling, classified as prediabetes, is associated with neuropathy. It is important to appreciate that there are other causes of neuropathy; these should be considered if there is any aspect of the history or clinical presentation suggesting features atypical of diabetic neuropathy. Diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy should be established according to clinical manifestations of the disease, laboratory findings (altered glucose metabolism) and results of electrophysiological examinations. Treatment of painful diabetic polyneuropathy rests on a two-pronged approach: modification of the underlying disease and control of pain symptoms. The goals of painful diabetic polyneuropathy pharmacotherapy should be reduction of pain for maximum relief commensurate with acceptable side effects and restoration/ improvement in functional measures and quality of life.Dijabetes spada u skupinu kroniÄnih bolesti koja zahtijeva stalno medicinsko praÄenje te izobrazbu bolesnika o mjerama prevencije kako bi se sprijeÄio razvoj komplikacija. U razvijenim zemljama dijabetes je vodeÄi uzrok neuropatija, a neuropatije su jedna od najÄeÅ”Äih komplikacija dijabetesa, te najveÄi uzrok pobola i smrtnosti u bolesnika s dijabetesom. U trenu kada se postavi dijagnoza dijabetesa 10%-18% bolesnika veÄ ima oÅ”teÄenje živaca, Å”to govori u prilog Äinjenici da Äak i poÄetni poremeÄaji metabolizma glukoze pod zajedniÄkim nazivnikom preddijabetes mogu uzrokovati neuropatiju. Kod postavljanja dijagnoze dijabetiÄne neuropatije treba iskljuÄiti i druge uzroke neuropatija ako se radi o atipiÄnoj kliniÄkoj slici ili nekim drugim istodobnim bolestima. Dijagnoza se postavlja u skladu sa smjernicama, a na osnovi kliniÄke slike, laboratorijskih nalaza (poremeÄaj metabolizma glukoze) i rezultata elektrofizioloÅ”kih pretraga. LijeÄenje bolne dijabetiÄne polineuropatije temelji se na dva dugoroÄna naÄela, a to su lijeÄenje osnovne bolesti (dijabetes) i lijeÄenje bolne sastavnice. Osnovni ciljevi lijeÄenja bolne sastavnice su smanjenje boli uz prihvatljive rizike i nuspojave uzimanja specifiÄnih lijekova te poboljÅ”anje kvalitete života
Preporuke za lijeÄenje bolesnika s karotidnom stenozom
These are evidence based guidelines for the management of patients with carotid stenosis, developed and endorsed by Croatian Society of Neurovascular Disorders, Croatian Society of Neurology, Croatian Society of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, Croatian Society for Radiology, Croatian Society of Vascular Surgery and Croatian Society of Neurosurgery. They consist of recommendations for noninvasive screening of patients with carotid stenosis, best medical treatment and interventions such as carotid endarterectomy and stent placement based on international randomized clinical trials.U ovom Älanku objavljujemo preporuke za zbrinjavanje bolesnika sa stenozom karotidnih arterija, prihvaÄene od Hrvatskoga druÅ”tva za neurovaskularne poremeÄaje, Hrvatskoga neuroloÅ”kog druÅ”tva, Hrvatskoga druÅ”tva za ultrazvuk u medicini i biologiji, Hrvatskoga radioloÅ”kog druÅ”tva, Hrvatskoga druÅ”tva za vaskularnu kirurgiju i Hrvatskoga druÅ”tva za neurokirurgiju. Sastoje se od preporuka za neinvazivni probir bolesnika s karotidnom stenozom, preporuke za najbolje medikamentno lijeÄenje te preporuka za intervenciju kao Å”to je karotidna endarterektomija i postavljanje stenta, a zasnovane su na rezultatima internacionalnih randomiziranih kliniÄkih pokusa
Preporuke za lijeÄenje bolesnika s karotidnom stenozom
These are evidence based guidelines for the management of patients with carotid stenosis, developed and endorsed by Croatian Society of Neurovascular Disorders, Croatian Society of Neurology, Croatian Society of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, Croatian Society for Radiology, Croatian Society of Vascular Surgery and Croatian Society of Neurosurgery. They consist of recommendations for noninvasive screening of patients with carotid stenosis, best medical treatment and interventions such as carotid endarterectomy and stent placement based on international randomized clinical trials.U ovom Älanku objavljujemo preporuke za zbrinjavanje bolesnika sa stenozom karotidnih arterija, prihvaÄene od Hrvatskoga druÅ”tva za neurovaskularne poremeÄaje, Hrvatskoga neuroloÅ”kog druÅ”tva, Hrvatskoga druÅ”tva za ultrazvuk u medicini i biologiji, Hrvatskoga radioloÅ”kog druÅ”tva, Hrvatskoga druÅ”tva za vaskularnu kirurgiju i Hrvatskoga druÅ”tva za neurokirurgiju. Sastoje se od preporuka za neinvazivni probir bolesnika s karotidnom stenozom, preporuke za najbolje medikamentno lijeÄenje te preporuka za intervenciju kao Å”to je karotidna endarterektomija i postavljanje stenta, a zasnovane su na rezultatima internacionalnih randomiziranih kliniÄkih pokusa
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Novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention of stroke in patients with diabetes mellitus
Novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention of stroke in patients with diabetes mellitus
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