A Survey of Cellular Automata: Types, Dynamics, Non-uniformity and Applications

Cellular automata (CAs) are dynamical systems which exhibit complex global behavior from simple local interaction and computation. Since the inception of cellular automaton (CA) by von Neumann in 1950s, it has attracted the attention of several researchers over various backgrounds and fields for modelling different physical, natural as well as real-life phenomena. Classically, CAs are uniform. However, non-uniformity has also been introduced in update pattern, lattice structure, neighborhood dependency and local rule. In this survey, we tour to the various types of CAs introduced till date, the different characterization tools, the global behaviors of CAs, like universality, reversibility, dynamics etc. Special attention is given to non-uniformity in CAs and especially to non-uniform elementary CAs, which have been very useful in solving several real-life problems.Comment: 43 pages; Under review in Natural Computin

Aerodynamic Profile Modification of a NACA 0012 Aerofoil for Enhanced Lift-Drag Characteristics at Low Reynolds Number

This article discusses the enhanced lift-drag ratio of a geometrically modified National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 0012 aerofoil at a low Reynolds number of 40000. The study involves validating the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Transition Shear Stress Transport model for the analysis of flow around the subject aerofoil with the modified profile for angles of attack ranging from 0 to 10°. The coefficient of lift to drag increased by 70% for the modified aerofoil at an angle of attack of 6°. The extent of the laminar separation bubble on the modified airfoil is reduced by 40% compared to the standard aerofoil at an angle of attack of 8°. The modified aerofoil cross-section does not involve much manufacturing complexity and can be deployed in small-scale wind turbines operating at low wind speeds

The Clouds in Asynchronous Cellular Automata

This article introduces the notion of clouds in asynchronous cellular automata (ACAs). We show that the cloud behaviour of ACAs has similarity with natural clouds across the sky, election model of parliamentary democratic system, and electron cloud around nucleus. These systems, therefore, can be modelled by the ACAs

FACTORS AFFECTING VARIABILITY OF RESISTANCE IN GAROLE SHEEP NATURALLY INFECTED WITH HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS

Resistance status against natural infection to Haemonchus contortus as well as influence of season, sex, body weight, and haemoglobin type on resistance levels were evaluated in 309 numbers of Garole sheep. In adult Garole sheep, egg per gram(EPG) of faeces for Haemonchus contortus was varied from 300 to 1600, but overall EPG in Garole have been recorded as 829.96 ± 20.60. The effects of season, sex, and body weight and haemoglobin type on EPG were all found to be highly significant (P < 0.01). EPG count was highest during monsoon (986.27 ± 28.26), followed by summer (832.88 ± 28.26) and lowest during winter (670.74 ± 28.26) which indicated the existence of a seasonal variation of EPG. Rams had higher EPG (954.32 ± 57.93) than ewes (705.60 ± 45.79) which reflected that males appeared to be more susceptible to Haemonchus contortus infection compared to females. Animals with lower body weight (upto 10 kg) showed higher EPG (1017.20 ± 54.82), then the infection level decreased as body weight increased (886.79 ± 56.23 for 10 kg to 12 kg and 737.18 ± 50.29 for 12 kg to 14 kg) and lowest EPG was recorded in animals with above 14 kg body weight (678.68 ± 54.49). This study reveals Hb-BB type animals had higher EPG count (983.81 ± 18.22) in comparison to Hb-AB type animals (676.12 ± 33.96) indicating that Haemoglobin-A locus has some relation with resistance. From our study it can be concluded that resistant level of Garole sheep against Haemonchus contortus is influenced by some intrinsic factors like sex, body weight, and haemoglobin type of the sheep and also by extrinsic factor like season

VARIABILITY OF RESISTANCE TO NATURAL HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS INFECTION VIS-A-VIS HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN GAROLE SHEEP

A total 103 numbers of Garole sheep was evaluated to know the variability in resistant status against natural infection to Haemonchus contortus as well as variability in level of haematological and biochemical parameters. A significantly (P < 0.01) lower level of EPG, neutrophil and serum alkaline phosphatase enzyme, but significantly (P < 0.01) higher level of haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count, lymphocyte, serum total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin were recorded in resistant animals as compared to less susceptible and highly susceptible animals. Further a highly significant (P < 0.01) and negative relationship were observed for EPG with haemoglobin, PCV, TLC, lymphocyte, STP, SA and SG. Whereas a highly significant (P < 0.01) and positive relationship were observed for EPG with neutrophil count and SAP enzyme level. Significant variations as observed in the present study can be attributed to differences in FEC among the animals and these haematological as well as biochemical parameters can be used as a predictive marker for selection of H. contortus resistant Garole sheep in field condition in combating nematode infection which in turn results in efficient production

Borehole temperatures and climate change: ground temperature change in south India over the past two centuries

Journal ArticleVariations in surface g round temperature (SGT) at the Earth's surface diffuse downward in a predictable way causing systematic perturbations to the subsurface temperature field. The pioneering study of Lachenbruch and Marsh all [1986] in Alaska demonstrated that present-day borehole temperature-depth profiles have the potential to reveal a surface ground temperature history over past several decades to a few centuries. Through the process of heat diffusion the Earth acts as a low-pass filter and a recorder of past surface temperature variations. Borehole temperature-depth profiles thus serve not only to complement the meteorologic record of climate change, but also provide important constraints on temperature trends prior to the occurrence of a global instrumental meteorological record (i.e., ^ 1 8 6 0 A.D.) and in areas where there is a paucity o f instrumentally recorded data.

Climate change in India inferred from geothermal observations

Journal ArticleTemporal variations in surface ground temperature impart a signal to the subsurface thermal regime that is captured in borehole temperature-depth profiles. Seventy temperature-depth profiles in India, located between 12o and 28oN, are analyzed to infer past changes in ground temperature