Volume I. Introduction to DUNE

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. This TDR is intended to justify the technical choices for the far detector that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. Volume I contains an executive summary that introduces the DUNE science program, the far detector and the strategy for its modular designs, and the organization and management of the Project. The remainder of Volume I provides more detail on the science program that drives the choice of detector technologies and on the technologies themselves. It also introduces the designs for the DUNE near detector and the DUNE computing model, for which DUNE is planning design reports. Volume II of this TDR describes DUNE\u27s physics program in detail. Volume III describes the technical coordination required for the far detector design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. Volume IV describes the single-phase far detector technology. A planned Volume V will describe the dual-phase technology

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), far detector technical design report, volume III: DUNE far detector technical coordination

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume III of this TDR describes how the activities required to design, construct, fabricate, install, and commission the DUNE far detector modules are organized and managed. This volume details the organizational structures that will carry out and/or oversee the planned far detector activities safely, successfully, on time, and on budget. It presents overviews of the facilities, supporting infrastructure, and detectors for context, and it outlines the project-related functions and methodologies used by the DUNE technical coordination organization, focusing on the areas of integration engineering, technical reviews, quality assurance and control, and safety oversight. Because of its more advanced stage of development, functional examples presented in this volume focus primarily on the single-phase (SP) detector module

Highly-parallelized simulation of a pixelated LArTPC on a GPU

The rapid development of general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) is allowing the implementation of highly-parallelized Monte Carlo simulation chains for particle physics experiments. This technique is particularly suitable for the simulation of a pixelated charge readout for time projection chambers, given the large number of channels that this technology employs. Here we present the first implementation of a full microphysical simulator of a liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) equipped with light readout and pixelated charge readout, developed for the DUNE Near Detector. The software is implemented with an end-to-end set of GPU-optimized algorithms. The algorithms have been written in Python and translated into CUDA kernels using Numba, a just-in-time compiler for a subset of Python and NumPy instructions. The GPU implementation achieves a speed up of four orders of magnitude compared with the equivalent CPU version. The simulation of the current induced on 10^3 pixels takes around 1 ms on the GPU, compared with approximately 10 s on the CPU. The results of the simulation are compared against data from a pixel-readout LArTPC prototype

Resposta de varjão (Parkia multijuga) a subdoses de glyphosate Response of varjão (Parkia multijuga) seedlings to reduced glyphosate rates

O consumo de madeira no Brasil e no mundo apresenta demanda crescente. Em confronto com a pressão ambientalista de manutenção das florestas nativas, há necessidade de se estabelecerem áreas de reflorestamento para suprir o aumento da demanda de madeira, com a utilização de formas de manejo e tratos culturais que permitam o pleno crescimento das essências florestais. Um dos principais problemas do manejo de reflorestamento é a interferência das plantas daninhas após o plantio das mudas no campo, sendo o uso de herbicidas a principal forma de manejo. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de doses crescentes de glyphosate em mudas de varjão em condições de ambiente protegido. Foram avaliadas as doses de 0, 90, 180, 360 e 720 g ha-1 de glyphosate em plantas com quatro meses de idade, observando a intoxicação das plantas, altura, diâmetro do caule e número de folhas. O varjão, nas condições do experimento, apresentou tolerância e recuperação ao glyphosate até a dose de 360 g ha-1. Doses superiores a esta retardaram o crescimento da planta. O prejuízo causado pela deriva de glyphosate nessas plantas foi diretamente proporcional ao aumento da dose. Os sintomas evoluíram para queda de folhas, comprometendo o crescimento das plantas.<br>Wood consumption has significantly increased in Brazil and worldwide.The environmental pressure to preserve native forest led to the need to establish reforestation areas to meet the increasing wood demand by applying cultural practices and management allowing a total growth of forest trees. One of the main problems in reforestation management is weed competition after seedling planting, with herbicide use being the main form of management. The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of increasing rates of glyphosate on Varjão seedlings, under greenhouse conditions. Concentrations of 90, 180, 360 and 720 g ha-1 of glyphosate were evaluated in four-month-old plants by observing plant toxicity, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf number. A control was also used without herbicide application to compare the effects. Under the conditions of this experiment, Varjão presented tolerance to and ability to recover from glyphosate up to the rate of 360 g ha-1. Higher rates delayed plant development. The damage caused by glyphosate drift in these plants was directly proportional to rate increase. The symptoms included leaf fall, compromising plant growth

Flora e estrutura do componente arbóreo da floresta do Parque Ecológico Quedas do Rio Bonito, Lavras, MG, e correlações entre a distribuição das espécies e variáveis ambientais Flora and structure of the arboreal component of the forest of the Parque Ecológico Quedas do Rio Bonito, Lavras, Minas Gerais State, and correlations between species distribution and environmental variables

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram (a) descrever a composição florística e a estrutura da comunidade arbórea da floresta do Parque Ecológico Quedas do Rio Bonito, Lavras, MG (21&deg;20'S, 44&deg;58'WGW, 1.0001.300m de altitude); e (b) avaliar as correlações entre a distribuição das espécies e variáveis ambientais em três trechos da floresta. Foram registradas a espécie, a circunferência a altura do peito (CAP) e a altura total de indivíduos com CAP > 15,7cm amostrados em 80 parcelas de 10&times;30m distribuídas em três transecções distanciadas em 480m. Variáveis ambientais foram obtidas por parcela a partir de análises químicas e texturais de amostras do solo superficial (0-20cm de profundidade) e de um levantamento topográfico das transecções. O levantamento florístico conduzido fora e dentro das parcelas registrou 384 espécies pertencentes a 182 gêneros e 68 famílias botânicas. O perfil florístico foi característico das florestas de altitude da Região Sudeste do Brasil. As 4.137 árvores e 213 espécies inventariadas nas parcelas apresentaram alto índice de diversidade de Shannon (H' = 4,56 nats.ind.-1) provavelmente relacionado com a forte heterogeneidade ambiental e a baixa dominância ecológica. Uma análise de correspondência canônica identificou o fator borda e a classe de drenagem como as variáveis ambientais mais fortemente correlacionadas com a distribuição das abundâncias das espécies.<br>The objectives of the present contribution were (a) to describe the floristic composition and structure of the tree community of the forests of the Parque Ecológico Quedas do Rio Bonito, Lavras, Minas Gerais State, SE Brazil (21&deg;20'S, 44&deg;58'WGW, 1,000-1,300m of altitude); and (b) to assess the correlations between species distribution and environmental variables in three forest sections. Individual trees with the circumference at breast height (cbh), the total height and species name were registered for individuals with cbh > 15.7cm surveyed in 80 plots of 10&times;30m of dimensions distributed into three transects spaced at 480m intervals. Environmental variables were obtained for each plot from textural and chemical analyses of soil samples (0-20cm of depth), and a topographic survey of the sample transects. The floristic survey carried out both inside and outside plots registered 384 species belonging to 182 genera and 68 families. The floristic features were characteristic of the montane forests of southeastern Brazil. The 4,137 trees and 213 species surveyed in the plots yielded a high Shannon diversity index (H' = 4.56 nats.ind.-1 ) which was probably related to a high environmental heterogeneity and low ecological dominance. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) identified the edge factor and drainage class as the variables most strongly correlated with the species' abundance distribution