Structure and Interactions of the TPR Domain of Sgt2 with Yeast Chaperones and Ybr137wp.

Small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein 2 (Sgt2) is a multi-module co-chaperone involved in several protein quality control pathways. The TPR domain of Sgt2 and several other proteins, including SGTA, Hop, and CHIP, is a highly conserved motif known to form transient complexes with molecular chaperones such as Hsp70 and Hsp90. In this work, we present the first high resolution crystal structures of Sgt2_TPR alone and in complex with a C-terminal peptide PTVEEVD from heat shock protein, Ssa1. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry, we demonstrate that Sgt2_TPR interacts with peptides corresponding to the C-termini of Ssa1, Hsc82, and Ybr137wp with similar binding modes and affinities

Gender and media representation: politics and the 'double bind'.

In recent decades, more women have been elected into office, showing the gains which have been made as more take a seat at the political table. In 2008, women occupied 18.3% of parliamentary seats worldwide, growing to 24.3% in 2019 (IPU 2019). While some affix a positive slant to this upward-moving trajectory, others see this slow tread onwards as overwhelmingly unsatisfactory. According to the World Economic Forum, if the same rate of change were to continue as it has done, the global gender gap in politics would take 107 years to close (World Economic Forum, 2018). Women’s low numbers in parliaments across the world highlight that, as a category, they are still an underrepresented group, showing this to be a globally systemic issue. In terms of representative democracies, these low figures are significant, as they arguably have implications for both the descriptive and substantive representation of women (Celis and Childs 2008) and also send important signals about who is elected to stand for the “public” in positions of power and included/excluded in political decision-making. This chapter focuses on the gendered mediation – the gendered discursive practices embedded in social norms (Gidengil and Everitt, 2003) – of female politicians and how this may perpetuate entrenched attitudes around gender norms, thus contributing to women’s mis- and under representation in global politics

The role and regulation of D-type cyclins in the plant cell cycle

The G1 phase of the cell cycle represents a period of commitment to cell division, both for cells stimulated to resume division from a resting or quiescent state, and for cells involved in repeated cell cycles. During this period, various signals that affect the cells ’ ability to divide must be assessed and integrated. G1 culminates in the entry of cells into S phase, when DNA replication occurs. In addition, it is likely that several types of differentiation decision may be taken by cells in the G1 phase. In both animals and plants, it appears that D-type cyclins play an important role in the cell cycle responses to external signals, by forming the regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase complexes. The phosphorylation targets of D-cyclin kinases in mammalian cells are the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein and close relatives. Unphosphorylated Rb can associate with E2F transcription factors, preventing transcription of genes under E2F control until the G1/S boundary is reached. The conservation of Rb and E2F proteins in plants suggests that this pathway is therefore conserved in all higher eukaryotes, although it is absent in fungi and yeasts. Here we review the current understanding of the roles and regulations of D-type (CycD) cyclins in plants