Recent trends in the use of electrical neuromodulation in Parkinson's disease

Purpose of Review: This review aims to survey recent trends in electrical forms of neuromodulation, with a specific application to Parkinson’s disease (PD). Emerging trends are identified, highlighting synergies in state-of-the-art neuromodulation strategies, with directions for future improvements in stimulation efficacy suggested. Recent Findings: Deep brain stimulation remains the most common and effective form of electrical stimulation for the treatment of PD. Evidence suggests that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) most likely impacts the motor symptoms of the disease, with the most prominent results relating to rehabilitation. However, utility is limited due to its weak effects and high variability, with medication state a key confound for efficacy level. Recent innovations in transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) offer new areas for investigation. Summary: Our understanding of the mechanistic foundations of electrical current stimulation is advancing and as it does so, trends emerge which steer future clinical trials towards greater efficacy

Electrochemical Deposition and Dissolution of Alloys and Metal Composites—Fundamental Aspects

It is general experience in materials science that alloys can exhibit qualities that are unobtainable with the parent metals. This is true of electroplated deposits as well. Thus, such properties as hardness, tensile strength, ductility, Young’s modulus, density, corrosion resistance, solderability, wear resistance, and antifriction service may be enhanced. Also, special properties not exhibited by the parent metals can be obtained, such as high magnetic permeability or other desired magnetic and electrical properties, amorphous structure, etc. Alloy plates may be more suitable than the parent metals for subsequent electroplate overlays and conversion chemical treatments