MULTI-FUNCTIONAL CARBON DOTS: A SYSTEMATIC OVERVIEW

Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as a potential material in the multifarious fields of biomedical applications due to their numerous advantageous properties including tunable fluorescence, water solubility, biocompatibility, low toxicity, small size and ease of modification, inexpensive scale-up production, and versatile conjugation with other targeted nanoparticles. Thus, CDs became a preferable choice in various biomedical applications such as nanocarriers for drugs, therapeutic genes, photo sensitizers, unique electronic, fluorescent, photo luminescent, chemiluminescent, and electro chemiluminescent, drug/gene delivery and optoelectronics properties are what gives them potential in sensing and antibacterial molecules. Further, their potentials have also been verified in multifunctional diagnostic platforms, cellular and bacterial bio-imaging, development of nanomedicine, etc. This present review provides a concise insight into the progress and evolution in the field of carbon dots research with respect to synthesis methods and materials available in bio-imaging, theranostic, cancer, gene therapy, diagnostics, etc. Further, our discussion is extended to explore the role of CDs in nanomedicine and nano theranostic, biotherapy which is the future of biomedicine and also serves to discuss the various properties of carbon dots which allow chemotherapy and gene therapy to be safer and more target-specific, resulting in the reduction of side effects experienced by patients and also the overall increase in patient compliance and quality of life and representative studies on their activities against bacteria, fungi, and viruses reviewed and discussed. This study will thus help biomedical researchers in percuss the potential of CDs to overcome various existing technological challenges

DESIGN AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUTRIMAZOLE MICROSPHERES LOADED TOPICAL EMULGEL: DESIGN AND INVITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUTRIMAZOLE MICROSPHERES LOADED TOPICAL EMULGEL

Objective: Flutrimazole is a topical antifungal agent which displays potent broad spectrum in vitro activity against dermatophytes, filamentous fungi, and yeasts. The purpose of the present study is to formulate and evaluate microspheres loaded topical gel containing flutrimazole as model drug microspheres were prepared using aqueous ionotropic gelation method. Methods: Different polymers, the different drug to polymer(s) ratio(s) and other parameters were screened to study their effects on the properties of microspheres and to optimize each parameter. The controlled release emulgel was formulated by changing the polymer ratio. Fourier transform infrared study confirmed the purity of the drug, concede no interaction between the drug and excipients and analyze the parameters affecting the morphology and other characteristics of the resultant products employing scanning electron microscopy. Results: Microspheres loaded topical gel has been shown that encapsulation and controlled release of flutrimazole could reduce the side effect while also reducing percutaneous absorption when administered to the skin. The microspheres obtained were subjected to the preformulation studies such as bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s index, and Hausner’s ratio the results obtained were within the limit. The microspheres were characterized by percentage yield, drug entrapment efficiency, and particle size analysis, then the optimized microspheres formulation were incorporated into the gel prepared with various polymer(s) ratio(s) and were evaluated by parameters such as visual inspection, pH measurement, spreadability studies, viscosity, and in vitro drug release using Franz diffusion cell. Conclusion: The result of studies revealed that the optimized batch shows 97.24% release in 12 h and stable for around there. The microsphere loaded gel has advantages such as efficient absorption and more drug retention time

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON SUPERSATURABLE SELF-NANOEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Lipid-based drug delivery systems are extensively reported in the literature for enhancing drug solubility, permeability, and bioavailability. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) are a superior strategy for enhancing solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds and the most prevailing and commercially viable oil-based approach for drugs that exhibit low dissolution rate and inadequate absorption. However, these formulations have few limitations that include in vivo drug precipitation, inferior in vitro in vivo correlation owing to unavailability of in vitro tests, handling issues of liquid formulation, and physicochemical instability of drugs. These limitations are overcome by potential systems such as supersaturable SNEDDS (S-SNEDDS) which are prepared by addition of precipitation inhibitors into formulated SNEDDS to maintain drug supersaturation post dispersion in gastrointestinal tract. These systems improve drug bioavailability and reduce the inconsistency of exposure. In addition, these formulations also help to overcome the drawbacks of liquid and capsule dosage forms. The S-SNEDDS provides an effective approach for improving the dissolution and bioavailability of anti-cancer agents. In this article, an attempt was made to present an overview of SNEDDS, S-SNEDDS, their mechanism, formulation excipients, recent advancements, advantages, and disadvantages of SNEDDS formulations. The article also focuses on reviewing the application of S-SNEDDS in enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of anti-cancer drugs in cancer therapy

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON SUPERSATURABLE SELF-NANO EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A POTENTIAL STRATEGY FOR DRUGS WITH POOR ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY

The most fundamental important extensive constitutive of drug molecules to be available for systemic absorption is aqueous solubility; subsequently, that is the nature of GIT fluid. When the drug molecules become solubilized, it has to reach the systemic circulation via the biological membrane. The solubility problem of many effective pharmaceutical molecules is still one of the major challenges in the formulation of this molecule. Drug molecules that belong to class II have a problem in bioavailability mainly due to low aqueous solubility and the rate-limiting step is the dissolution process and so electing of suitable drug delivery and proper additives are decisive to overcome this major obstruction and promote the fraction that will reach the systemic circulation. Among the different lipid-based systems, the su-SNEDDSs have gained attention because the inclusion of precipitation inhibitors within su-SNEDDSs helps maintain drug supersaturation after dispersion and digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. This enhances the bioavailability of drugs and minimizes the variability of exposure. Nowadays, supersaturable self-nano emulsifying and nano lipid-based drug delivery systems have constrained a substantial concern from pharmaceutical scientists for managing the oral delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds. By following oral administration, self-nano emulsifying drug delivery systems show complex aqueous dispersion and digestion in the GIT and enduring intestinal lymphatic transport, exorbitant pre-absorptive metabolism by gut membrane-bound cytochrome enzymes and preventing P-gp mediated drug efflux. Mostly these processes result in drug supersaturation, which leads to increased absorption or the high drug concentrations may cause precipitation with capricious and variable oral bioavailability. This procession review briefly summarized drug supersaturation obtained from self-nano emulsifying and other lipid-based formulations and this review also delineate the effects of numerous physiological factors and the probable interactions between PIs and lipid, lipase or lipid digested products on the in vivo performance of su-SNEDDS and focuses on reviewing the application of su-SNEDDS in enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of anti-cancer drugs in cancer therapy

FORMULATION AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OFPEMIGATINIB SUPERSATURABLE SELF-NANOEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Objective: Pemigatinib is an active component in treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, but the low solubility and bioavailability of Pemigatinib limit its wide application. The aim of the present study was to prepare and evaluate supersaturable self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (sSNEDDS) followed by investigating and comparing the pharmacokinetic profiles of Pemigatinib and Pemigatinib sSNEDDS in rat plasma by HPLC. Methods: Pemigatinib loaded SNEDDS were obtained by dissolving drug in the isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant. The conventional SNEDDS were converted to sSNEDDS by precipitation method by using experimented polymer. An appropriate high sensitivity and selectivity was applied to the comparison of plasma pharmacokinetics in Pemigatinib and Pemigatinib sSNEDDS using Entrectinib as internal standard (IS). Results: The droplet of sSNEDDS ranges from 166.78 ± 3.14 to 178.86 ± 1.24 nm with PDI 0.212 – 0.256, transmission electron microscopy images revealed the spherical shape of the nanodroplets, emulsification time was 15 secs when added to physiological fluids, percent transmittance of the diluted formulation was 99.12 ± 0.46, and viscosity was 574 ± 26 centipoises indicating the good flow ability. FTIR and DSC studies indicated the amorphization of the drug. The dissolution profile of sSNEDDS indicated the faster release of drug compared to both pure drug suspension and SNEDDS formulation. Cmax of the sSNEDDS 3.52±0.13ng/mL was significant (P< 0.05) as compared to the pure drug suspension formulation 2.82±0.42 ng/mL. The AUC0-t, AUC0–∞ of sSNEDDS was increased, while the Tmax and t1/2 was decreased. Moreover, the AUC value in the sSNEDDS group was significantly increased and the relative bioavailability was calculated to be 69% when compared with that of the Pemigatinib group. Conclusion: These results concluded that Pemigatinib sSNEDDS when compared with pure drug after a single oral administration and the formulation modification of Pemigatinib into sSNEDDS can effectively enhance gastrointestinal absorption and relative bioavailability by improving solubility and dissolution rate

APTAMERS: NANOMATERIALS AS A POTENTIAL AGENT FOR ANTIVIRAL THERAPEUTIC DRUG DELIVERY DEVELOPMENT: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Chemotherapeutic experts have been utilised to cure a variety of disorders, but their practical application is restricted due to their regrettable selectivity and outrageous fundamental optional effects. Short single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides known as aptamers are released from randomised libraries and have strong propensity and differentiation towards targets like antibodies as well as characterised structures and ties to targets like proteins. They commonly suppress protein interactions while restricting proteins, which may elicit positive effects like threat. Aptamers have recently demonstrated their amazing promise for use in medicines, biosensors, and bioimaging thanks to a number of advantages, such as minimal immunogenicity, simplicity of giant degree blend, low pack to-bunch collection, genuinely substance modification, and programmability.  At any rate, the steady for the most part accomplishment speed of aptamer is far from being brilliant, despite everything needs to overwhelm the gigantic obstruction in propensity, constancy for utilitarian application, explicit illness cell affirmation. The sensible method of controlling the binding execution of aptamers, and dealing with their show in the practical application is of great significance and these single-abandoned DNA or RNA aptamers could outline with astoundingly poisonous chemotherapy drugs, hurts, strong RNAs or different particles as novel aptamer-drug structures, which are prepared to do endlessly out working on the obliging plentifulness and decreasing the critical danger of solutions and have unprecedented possible in living spaces for appointed ailment treatment. In this survey, we have extensively covered and summarised the ongoing improvements in the aptamer-drug structure philosophy for designated drug transport in the assessment methodologies of aptamers for unambiguous disease biomarkers. A modified strategy utilising aptamers could be a reliable system for quick and precise advancement of biopharmaceutics for use in infection-related treatment, especially in light of the enormous advances in modernised thinking for protein and RNA structure conjectures. Additionally, the likelihood of future conception is also summarised