Linearized Gravity in Brane Backgrounds

A treatment of linearized gravity is given in the Randall-Sundrum background. The graviton propagator is found in terms of the scalar propagator, for which an explicit integral expression is provided. This reduces to the four-dimensional propagator at long distances along the brane, and provides estimates of subleading corrections. Asymptotics of the propagator off the brane yields exponential falloff of gravitational fields due to matter on the brane. This implies that black holes bound to the brane have a "pancake"-like shape in the extra dimension, and indicates validity of a perturbative treatment off the brane. Some connections with the AdS/CFT correspondence are described.Comment: 31 pages, harvmac. v2: minor typo and reference corrections. v3: minor corrections to eqs and discussio

If You Provide It, Will They Read It? The Effect of Information on Choices

This paper investigates the effect of information on respondent's choices in an internet survey for measuring the value of water quality improvements in Deckers Creek (DC) watershed in Monongalia and Peterson Counties of West Virginia, USA. A multiattribute, choice experiment and multinomial logit (MNL) models are used in estimating the marginal utilities of restoring the three attributes of DC: aquatic life, swimming safety, and scenic quality. Response times serve as proxy variables regarding whether respondents read or did not read all the information provided in the survey. Response times fell quickly, but then tapered off as they progressed through the various sections of the survey. Results show that the estimated coefficients of subsamples, read and did not read all the information, were statistically different from each other. Based on log likelihood tests of MNL models, two subsamples of the survey population (read and did not read all information) were found to be from different populations. Estimates of marginal utilities reveal that respondents value aquatic life restoration the highest, followed by scenic quality restoration. Average compensating variation estimates for full restoration of the aquatic life and scenic quality attributes are $9 and$ 6 per month per household, respectively, when the subsamples are pooled. However, the individual subsamples resulted in $5 per month for aquatic life and$3 per month for scenic quality for respondents that read the information, while respondents that did not read the information resulted in statistically higher estimates of $16 and$12, respectively. While respondents' motives for not reading the resource information provided is uncertain, results show their values for watershed restoration are substantially higher than respondents that read the information.Demand and Price Analysis,

Is there the radion in the RS2 model ?

We analyse the physical boundary conditions at infinity for metric fluctuations and gauge functions in the RS2 model with matter on the brane. We argue that due to these boundary conditions the radion field cannot be gauged out in this case. Thus, it represents a physical degree of freedom of the model.Comment: 9 page

Some solutions of linearized 5-d gravity with brane

We consider linearized 5-d gravity in the Randall-Sundrum brane world. The class of static solutions for linearized Einstein equations is found. Also we obtaine wave solutions describing radiation from an imaginary point source located at the Planck distance from the brane. We analyze the fields asymptotic behavior and peculiarities of matter sources.Comment: Latex, 8 page

PANEL STRATIFICATION IN META-ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL RESOURCE ECONOMIC STUDIES

Meta-analyses of past research outcomes are becoming more popular, however, the issue of the panel nature of data has not been empirically investigated. We test various forms of data stratifications into panels for outdoor recreation economic studies but do not find any significant effects, possibly because of inherent data complexity.Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

The New Look of Shareholder Litigation: Acquisition-Oriented Class Actions

Now, however, a new form of shareholder litigation has emerged that is distinct from derivative or securities fraud claims: class action lawsuits filed under state law challenging director conduct in mergers and acquisitions. The empirical data reported in this article show that these acquisition-oriented suits are now the dominant form of corporate litigation and outnumber derivative suits by a wide margin. Are these acquisition-oriented class actions just another deadbeat in the corporate governance debate? Should policymakers take action to cut back on the development of this new form of shareholder litigation? In this paper, we argue that, just as with derivative suits and securities fraud class actions, good policy must balance the positive managerial agency cost reducing effects of these acquisition-oriented shareholder suits against their litigation agency costs. To frame our analysis of acquisition-oriented class actions, we begin with a look back at the history of this debate over representative litigation in corporate and securities law. For six decades, there have been efforts to limit shareholder derivative suits. These suits, in which one shareholder sues in the name of and on behalf of the corporation, are. usually brought to enforce various fiduciary duties that officers and directors owe corporations and their shareholders. They thus can be contrasted to normal corporate litigation in which directors determine what actions to take for the corporation. Derivative suits were once said to have promise as a means to limit managerial agency costs

The Public and Private Faces of Derivative Lawsuits

Derivative suits, long the principal vehicle for discussions about representative litigation in corporate and securities law, now share the stage with younger cousins - securities fraud class actions and state law fiduciary duty class actions. At the same time alternative governance vehicles - independent directors, auditors and other reforms that have followed in the wake of Enron - potentially diminish the relative place of litigation such as derivative suits. This article presents data from all derivative suits filed in Delaware over a two-year period. We find a relatively small number, certainly as compared to fiduciary class action and securities fraud class actions. Unlike these other representative suits, derivative suits are used for both public and close corporations. They arise usually in a duty of loyalty context. Contrary to earlier studies, we do not find evidence that these cases are strike suits yielding little benefit. Instead, roughly 30% of the derivative suits provide relief to the corporation or the shareholders, while the others are usually dismissed quickly with little apparent litigation activity. In cases producing a recovery to shareholders, those amounts typically exceed the amount of attorneys\u27 fees awarded by a significant margin. They do demonstrate some indicia of litigation agency costs (for example suits being filed quickly, multiple suits per controversy, and repeat plaintiffs\u27 law firms), but each of these is much less pronounced for derivative suits than for other forms of representative litigations. Overall, the claim that derivative suits are strike suits is much weaker than in earlier periods. The Delaware judiciary, which hears most public company corporate litigation in America, has effectively monitored these cases. There is room to open the door for larger shareholders to utilize these suits to police corporate misconduct. Institutional shareholders, while not willing to take on as large a role in governance as many have suggested in terms of naming directors and the like, may be willing to take a larger role in derivative litigation. Thus we see potential for derivative litigation to play a more important role in the future. We therefore suggest that suits brought by a one percent or larger shareholder should be excused from the demand requirement currently applied in derivative suits

Scalar field localization on a brane with cosmological constant

We address the localization of a scalar field, whose bulk-mass M is considered in a wide range including the tachyonic region,on a three-brane. The brane with non-zero cosmological constant $\lambda$ is embedded in five dimensional bulk space. We find in this case that the trapped scalar could have mass $m$ which has an upper bound and expressed as $m^2=m_0^2+\alpha M^2\leq \beta |\lambda|$ with the calculable numbers $m_0^2, \alpha, \beta$. We point out that this result would be important to study the stability of the brane and cosmological problems based on the brane-world.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure