Environmental impact assessment of aviation emission reduction through the implementation of composite materials

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0824-0.© 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Purpose: Carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRP) have been developed by the aviation industry to reduce aircraft fuel burn and emissions of greenhouse gases. This study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of an all-composite airplane, based on a Boeing 787 Dreamliner. The global transition of aircraft to those of composite architecture is estimated to contribute 20–25 % of industry CO<inf>2</inf> reduction targets. A secondary stage of the cradle-to-grave analysis expands the study from an individual aircraft to the global fleet.Methods: An LCA was undertaken utilising SimaPro 7.2 in combination with Ecoinvent. Eco-indicator 99 (E) V2.05 Europe EI 99 E/E was the chosen method to calculate the environmental impact of the inventory data. The previously developed aviation integrated model was utilised to construct a scenario analysis of the introduction of composite aircraft against a baseline projection, through to 2050, to model CO<inf>2</inf> emissions due to their particular relevance in the aviation sector.Results and discussion: The analysis demonstrated CFRP structure results in a reduced single score environmental impact, despite the higher environmental impact in the manufacturing phase, due to the increased fossil fuel use. Of particular importance is that CFRP scenario quickly achieved a reduction in CO<inf>2</inf> and NO<inf>x</inf> atmospheric emissions over its lifetime, due to the reduced fuel consumption. The modelled fleet-wide CO<inf>2</inf> reduction of 14–15 % is less than the quoted emission savings of an individual aircraft (20 %) because of the limited fleet penetration by 2050 and the increased demand for air travel due to lower operating costs.Conclusions: The introduction of aircraft based on composite material architecture has significant environmental benefits over their lifetime compared to conventional aluminium-based architecture, particularly with regards to CO<inf>2</inf> and NO<inf>x</inf> a result of reduced fuel burn. The constructed scenario analyses the interactions of technology and the markets they are applied in, expanding on the LCA, in this case, an observed fleet-wide reduction of CO<inf>2</inf> emission of 14–15 % compared to an individual aircraft of 20 %