Strategies for reducing nonresponse in a longitudinal panel survey

This article provides an evaluation of some of the fieldwork procedures and survey systems used on the British Household Panel Study (BHPS). The BHPS procedures for dealing with nonresponse through panel maintenance systems, tracking procedures, and refusal conversion during fieldwork are described. The analysis uses data from the first four waves of BHPS from 1991 to 1994, to examine longitudinal patterns of response and reasons for refusal. The reasons for refusal or for becoming a non-contact over the life of the panel are discussed. The process of refusal conversion is described together with conversion outcomes. Finally the effect of interviewer continuity on maintaining the co-operation of sample members is examined. The article argues that in the context of a longitudinal panel survey, having a relatively complex set of procedures in place is critically important to minimise nonresponse and maintain high response rates over time

Nanoscale zero-valent iron particles for the remediation of plutonium and uranium contaminated solutions

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record.In the current work the uptake of plutonium onto nanoscale zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) under anoxic conditions has been investigated. A uranyl solution was also studied under similar geochemical conditions to provide a comparative dataset. Following nZVI addition, a rapid and significant decrease in aqueous actinide concentration was recorded for both systems. The removal rate recorded for plutonium was slower, with 77% removal recorded after 1 h of reaction, compared to 99% recorded for uranium. Low aqueous contaminant concentrations (<25%) were then recorded for both systems until the end of the 7 day reaction period. XPS confirmed contaminant uptake onto the nZVI. For the plutonium system, the recorded photoelectron spectra exhibited Pu 4f lines centred at ∼439 and ∼427 eV, characteristic of Pu4+ and implying that chemical reduction of the sorbed plutonium had occurred, ascribed to the formation of PuO2. Similarly, with the U-system, the recorded U 4f photoelectron peaks were centred at energies of ∼380 and ∼391 eV, characteristic of U4+ in UO2. Results provide clear evidence that nZVI may be used as an effective material for the removal of plutonium from contaminated waters.AWE plcEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Counci

The influence of calcium, sodium and bicarbonate on the uptake of uranium onto nanoscale zero-valent iron particles

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record.This work investigates the influence of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na) and bicarbonate (HCO3−) on the uptake of uranium (U) onto nanoscale zero-valent iron particles (nZVI). Solutions tested contained U at 1 mg/L, NaHCO3 ranging from 0 to 100 mg/L and CaCl2 or NaCl ranging from 625 to 719 mg/L to normalise the ionic strength. Mine water containing a similar concentration of U (1.03 mg/L) and HCO3− at 845 mg/L was also tested as a natural analogue. All solutions were stored in sealed glass jars in the open laboratory with headspace comprising ambient air. Results demonstrate Ca, Na and HCO3− as having no significant inhibitive influence on the efficacy of nZVI for initial U removal from solution, with ⩾95.7% uptake recorded for all systems studied after 0.5 h reaction. Similar U retention (>97.1%) was recorded throughout the entire 672 h experiment for all solutions with Ca absent. In contrast, partial U desorption in the latter stages of the experiment was recorded for all solutions with Ca present, with 87.3%, 85.2% and 84.7% removal recorded after 672 h for solutions containing 0, 10 and 100 mg/L HCO3−, respectively, and 10.9% removal recorded for the mine water. Maximum U removal onto nZVI was recorded as directly proportional to HCO3− concentration for solutions with Ca absent, however, no trend was identified for the Ca-bearing solutions. Overall results demonstrate Ca as having a significant inhibitive influence on the long-term retention (e.g. >48 h) of U on nZVI, which is independent of HCO3− concentration when also present at <100 mg/L.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research CouncilNAT

Endoscopic laser-ablation for the treatment of orthotopic and ectopic ureteroceles in dogs: 13 cases (2008-2017).

BACKGROUND: Ureteroceles are a rare condition in dogs in which conventional treatments can result in substantial morbidity. Cystoscopic and fluoroscopic-guided laser ablation (CLA) of ureteroceles can successfully relieve obstruction. OBJECTIVES: To describe the technique and outcomes of attempting CLA for treatment of ureteroceles in dogs. ANIMALS: Thirteen client-owned dogs that underwent CLA for treatment of ureteroceles. METHODS: Retrospective multicentered study. Medical records were reviewed in all dogs that underwent CLA for ureterocele(s). A laser was used to extend the opening of the ureteral orifice (UO) unless surgical conversion was necessary. Data collected included signalment, clinicopathologic data, imaging, procedural findings, complications, and short- and long-term outcome. RESULTS: Thirteen dogs with 13 ureteroceles associated with 14 UOs resulting in ureteral obstruction were included. One ureterocele extended bilaterally. Treatment was initiated via retrograde cystoscopy (7 females), percutaneous perineal urethrocystoscopy (4 males), or percutaneous antegrade cystoscopy (2 males). Surgical conversion was necessary in 2 males. Ten of 14 (71%) UOs associated with the ureteroceles were ectopic. Thirteen of 14 had stenotic or imperforate UOs. No postoperative complications were noted. Preoperative incontinence or pollakiuria was present in 9 of 13 and 3 of 13 dogs and resolved in 8 of 9 and 3 of 3 dogs, respectively. Follow-up imaging showed resolution of all ureteroceles and improved ureteral/renal pelvic dilatation. Median follow-up time was 27 months (range, 3-96 months). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Cystoscopic-guided laser ablation was effective for the treatment of ureteroceles(s) in 11 of 13 dogs

An examination of chemistry and transport processes in the tropical lower stratosphere using observations of long-lived and short-lived compounds obtained during STRAT and POLARIS

A suite of compounds with a wide range of photochemical lifetimes (3 months to several decades) was measured in the tropical and midlatitude upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the Stratospheric Tracers of Atmospheric Transport (STRAT) experiment (fall 1995 and winter, summer, and fall 1996) and the Photochemistry of Ozone Loss in the Arctic Region in Summer (POLARIS) deployment in late summer 1997. These species include various chlorofluorocarbons, hydrocarbons, halocarbons, and halons measured in whole air samples and CO measured in situ by tunable diode laser spectroscopy. Mixing ratio profiles of long-lived species in the tropical lower stratosphere are examined using a one-dimensional (1-D) photochemical model that includes entrainment from the extratropical stratosphere and is constrained by measured concentrations of OH. Profiles of tracers found using the 1-D model agree well with all the observed tropical profiles for an entrainment time scale of 8.5-4+6 months, independent of altitude between potential temperatures of 370 and 500 K. The tropical profile of CO is used to show that the annually averaged ascent rate profile, on the basis of a set of radiative heating calculations, is accurate to approximately ±44%, a smaller uncertainty than found by considering the uncertainties in the radiative model and its inputs. Tropical profiles of ethane and C2Cl4 reveal that the concentration of Cl is higher than expected on the basis of photochemical model simulations using standard gas phase kinetics and established relationships between total inorganic chlorine and CFC-11. Our observations suggest that short-lived organic chlorinated compounds and HCl carried across the tropical tropopause may provide an important source of inorganic chlorine to the tropical lower stratosphere that has been largely unappreciated in previous studies. The entrainment timescale found here is considerably less than the value found by a similar study that focused on observations obtained in the lower stratosphere during 1994. Several possible explanations for this difference are discussed. Copyright 1999 by the American Geophysical Union

An online acceptance, commitment, and self-compassion based treatment to decrease psychological distress in people with type 2 diabetes: A feasibility randomised-controlled trial

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study explored the feasibility and acceptability of conducting a larger trial of a self-guided, online self-compassion and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) focused treatment among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) to decrease psychological distress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a two-arm, parallel, feasibility randomised controlled trial with nested qualitative methods. UK adults with T2D were randomly (1:1) allocated to a five-week online self-compassion and ACT treatment or waitlist control. Information regarding recruitment, trial retention, and treatment completion was collected, and post-treatment semi-structured interviews were conducted to assess feasibility and acceptability. Self-report measures of psychological distress (depression, anxiety, diabetes distress) and potential treatment processes (self-compassion and psychological flexibility) were completed as secondary feasibility outcomes. RESULTS: Fifty-five (60.44 %) out of 91 people who accessed the study link were eligible to participate. Of these, 33 eligible participants (60 %) were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 19) or control arms (waitlist; n = 14). While treatment completion was 47.37 %, trial retention rates were 39.39 % (5-week follow-up) and 21.2 % (9-week follow-up). Secondary feasibility outcomes of treatment effect estimates are difficult to interpret in light of low treatment completion and trial retention rates. CONCLUSION: A larger trial of the self-guided, online self-compassion treatment to decrease psychological distress in people with T2D may be beneficial, but it has limited feasibility in its current form. Further efforts are needed to improve treatment acceptability of online self-compassion and ACT focused treatment and trial procedures

Genetic Inactivation of ANGPTL4 Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Reduces Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is an endogenous inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase that modulates lipid levels, coronary atherosclerosis risk, and nutrient partitioning. We hypothesize that loss of ANGPTL4 function might improve glucose homeostasis and decrease risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigate protein-altering variants in ANGPTL4 among 58,124 participants in the DiscovEHR human genetics study, with follow-up studies in 82,766 T2D cases and 498,761 controls. Carriers of p.E40K, a variant that abolishes ANGPTL4’s ability to inhibit lipoprotein lipase, have lower odds of T2D (odds ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.85-0.92, p=6.3x10-10), lower fasting glucose, and greater insulin sensitivity. Predicted loss-of-function variants are associated with lower odds of T2D among 32,015 cases and 84,006 controls (odds ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.49-0.99, p=0.041). Functional studies in Angptl4-deficient mice confirm improved insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. In conclusion, genetic inactivation of ANGPTL4 is associated with improved glucose homeostasis and reduced risk of T2D

X-Ray Measurement of Material Properties in Composites

Advanced materials for use in the aerospace industry are presently being developed and applied at an astonishing rate. This pace is driven by the need for materials that can withstand higher operating temperatures and loads, yet remain cost competitive. As the performance demands of aerospace materials push nearer and nearer the theoretical limit for strength, the allowed flaw size in traditional materials is driven smaller, making quality control more stringent. This demand for improved performance characteristics is also generating strong interest in other materials such as: exotic alloys, ceramics and reinforced composites. A need exists for characterizing these advanced materials for composition variations, flaw content, inclusions and porosity using nondestructive techniques at all stages of the materials life cycle. These stages include initial characterization of a new material, process control during the manufacturing of the material, quality control of incoming material, and the in service inspection of the final part