How nature tunes isoenzyme activity in the multifunctional catalytic globin Dehaloperoxidase from Amphitrite ornata

The coelomic hemoglobin of Amphitrite ornata, termed dehaloperoxidase (DHP), is the first known multifunctional catalytic globin to possess biologically-relevant peroxidase and peroxygenase activities. Although the two isoenzymes of DHP, A and B, differ in sequence by only 5 amino acids out of 137 residues, DHP B consistently exhibits a greater activity than isoenzyme A. To delineate the contributions of each amino acid substitution to the activity of either isoenzyme, the substitutions of the five amino acids were systematically investigated, individually and in combination, using 22 mutants. Biochemical assays and mechanistic studies demonstrated that the mutants that only contained the I9L substitution showed increased i) kcat values (peroxidase activity), ii) 5-Br-indole conversion and binding affinity (peroxygenase activity), and iii) rate of Compound ES formation (enzyme activation). Whereas the X-ray structures of the oxyferrous forms of DHP B (L9I) (1.96 Å), DHP A (I9L) (1.20 Å), and WT DHP B (1.81 Å) showed no significant differences, UV–visible spectroscopy (ASoret/A380 ratio) revealed that the I9L substitution increased the 5-coordinate high-spin heme population characterized by the “open” conformation (i.e., distal histidine swung out of the pocket), which likely favors substrate binding. The positioning of the distal histidine closer to the heme cofactor in the solution state also appears to facilitate activation of DHP via the Compound ES intermediate. Taken together, the studies undertaken here shed light on the structure-function relationship in dehaloperoxidase, but also help to establish the foundation for understanding how enzymatic activity can be tuned in isoenzymes of a multifunctional catalytic globin

Serum nitrite and nitrate: A potential biomarker for post-covid-19 complications

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in cardiovascular and immune systems. Quantification of blood nitrite and nitrate, two relatively stable metabolites of NO (generally as NO(x)), has been acknowledged representing NO bioactivity partially. Dysregulation of NO(x) had been reported in SARS-CoV-2 infected populations, but whether patients recovered from COVID-19 disease present with restored NO(x) is unknown. In this study, serum NO(2)(−) and NO(3)(−) were quantified and analyzed among 109 recovered adults in comparison to a control group of 166 uninfected adults. Nitrite or nitrate levels were not significantly different among mild-, common-, severe- and critical-type patients. However, these recovered patients had dramatically lower NO(2)(−) and NO(2)(−)/NO(3)(−) than the uninfected group (p < 0.0001), with significantly higher NO(3)(−) levels (p = 0.0023) than the uninfected group. Nitrate and nitrite/nitrate were positively and negatively correlated with patient age, respectively, with age 65 being a turning point among recovered patients. These results indicate that low NO(2)(−), low NO(2)(−)/NO(3)(−) and high NO(3)(−) may be a potential biomarker of long-term poor or irreversible outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection. It suggests that NO metabolites might serve as a predictor to track the health status of recovered COVID-19 patients, highlighting the need to elucidate the role of NO after SARS-CoV-2 infection