Intervention strategies used in sport injury prevention studies: a systematic review identifying studies applying the Haddon matrix

Background: Prevention of sport injuries is crucial to maximise the health and societal benefits of a physically active lifestyle. To strengthen the translation and implementation of the available evidence base on effective preventive measures, a range of potentially relevant strategies should be considered. Objective: Our aim was to identify and categorise intervention strategies for the prevention of acute sport injuries evaluated in the scientific literature, applying the Haddon matrix, and identify potential knowledge gaps. Methods: Five electronic databases were searched (PubMed, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Cochrane) for studies that evaluated the effect of interventions on the occurrence of acute sport injuries. Studies were required to include a control group/condition, prospective data collection, and a quantitative injury outcome measure. Results: A total of 155 studies were included, mostly randomised controlled trials (43%). The majority of studies (55%) focussed on strategies requiring a behavioural change on the part of athletes. Studies predominantly evaluated the preventive effect of various training programmes targeted at the ‘pre-event’ phase (n\ua0=\ua073) and the use of equipment to avoid injury in the ‘event phase’ (n\ua0=\ua029). A limited number of studies evaluated the preventive effect of strategies geared at rules and regulations (n\ua0=\ua014), and contextual modifications (n\ua0=\ua018). Studies specifically aimed at preventing re-injuries were a minority (n\ua0=\ua08), and were mostly related to ankle sprains (n\ua0=\ua05). Conclusions: Valuable insight into the extent of the evidence base of sport injury prevention studies was obtained for 20 potential intervention strategies. This approach can be used to monitor potential gaps in the knowledge base on sport injury prevention

Microbial oils as nutraceuticals and animal feeds

45 p.-5 fig.-3 tab.Lipids and oils are produced by all single-cell organisms for essential structural and functional roles; however, the term single cell oils (SCOs) is mainly restricted to describe the lipids produced by a limited number of oleaginous microorganisms (archaea, bacteria, yeast, fungi, and microalgae) with oil contents higher than 20% of biomass weigh. SCOs have different fatty acid compositions from those of plant seed or fish oils and are nowadays considered as new sources of nutraceuticals and animal feeds. In spite of the current commercial success of some SCOs, the development of more efficient microbial fermentation processes and the possibility of manipulating by systems metabolic engineering the lipid composition of cells require new biotechnological strategies to obtain high yields of the desired SCOs. Understanding the synthesis and regulatory mechanisms involved in the production of SCOs is fundamental to eliminate the metabolic bottlenecks that impair achieving high oil yields.This chapter is supported by grants from the Community of Madrid and the Structural Funds of the European Union (Ref: S2013/ABI2783 (INSPIRA1-CM)), the Ministry of Economy, the Industry and Competitiveness (Ref: RTC-2016-4860-2; Ref: BFU2014-55534-C2-1-P), and the Intramural Program of the CSIC (Ref: 201420E086) and the H2020 FET-OPEN program (LIAR: Ref 686585).Peer reviewe