107 research outputs found
Comparison of feedlot and carcass characteristics of Angus, Hereford, Brahman, Charolais, and Gelbvieh crossbred steers
Feedlot performance of 207 steers with various percentages of Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Brahman, and Gelbvieh breeding were compared at a constant 1) days fed, 2) adjusted carcass backfat, and 3) slaughter weight. As the percentage of Angus, Hereford, or Brahman increased, growth rate decreased, whereas increasing the percentage of Charolais increased growth rate. Increasing the percentage of Gelbvieh increased weaning weight but had little effect on post-weaning gains. Increasing percentage of Charolais increased feed conversion efficiency, whereas the other breeds were similar, except that at a constant slaughter weight, greater percentage of Hereford improved feed conversion efficiency. Increasing the percentage of Charolais increased carcass weight and ribeye area and decreased yield grade, but marbling was not different from that of Angus. An increase in percentage of Hereford caused a decrease in carcass weight, ribeye area, marbling, and quality grade. Increasing percentage of Angus decreased carcass weight and ribeye area but increased marbling and quality grade. Increasing percentage of Brahman caused the greatest reduction of marbling and quality grade of any breed. Increasing the percentage Gelbvieh breeding resulted in increased ribeye area and decreased marbling at constant days fed and slaughter weight
Padronização do Elisa indireto e Western Blot para diagnóstico da artrite-encefalite caprina
ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries
This review summarizes the last decade of work by the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium, a global alliance of over 1400 scientists across 43 countries, studying the human brain in health and disease. Building on large-scale genetic studies that discovered the first robustly replicated genetic loci associated with brain metrics, ENIGMA has diversified into over 50 working groups (WGs), pooling worldwide data and expertise to answer fundamental questions in neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, and genetics. Most ENIGMA WGs focus on specific psychiatric and neurological conditions, other WGs study normal variation due to sex and gender differences, or development and aging; still other WGs develop methodological pipelines and tools to facilitate harmonized analyses of "big data" (i.e., genetic and epigenetic data, multimodal MRI, and electroencephalography data). These international efforts have yielded the largest neuroimaging studies to date in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. More recent ENIGMA WGs have formed to study anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, sleep and insomnia, eating disorders, irritability, brain injury, antisocial personality and conduct disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. Here, we summarize the first decade of ENIGMA's activities and ongoing projects, and describe the successes and challenges encountered along the way. We highlight the advantages of collaborative large-scale coordinated data analyses for testing reproducibility and robustness of findings, offering the opportunity to identify brain systems involved in clinical syndromes across diverse samples and associated genetic, environmental, demographic, cognitive, and psychosocial factors
Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19
Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2,3,4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes—including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)—in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease
Among-breed estimates of heritability for birth weight, weaning weight, and mature cow weight
Data from a rotational crossbreeding
study was used to calculate among-breed
heritabilities of birth weight (BWT), weaning
weight (WWT), and mature cow weight at 5
years of age. The among-breed estimates
were higher than previous within-breed
estimates because of the inclusion of genetic
differences between breeds. Maternal effects
for BWT and WWT also were calculated.
These estimates allow for comparisons
among breeds and for the eventual calculation
of EPDs for hybrid cattle
Breed and management system effects on feedlot performance and carcass traits
Eighty nine steers with different proportions
of Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Brahman, and
Gelbvieh breeding from rotational and terminal
crossbreeding systems were produced in
Louisiana and finished at KSU. Half of each
breed group was placed in the feedlot at
weaning (calves) and the other half as yearlings.
Half of the each group was slaughtered at a low
(0.3-0.4 in.), and the other half at high (0.5 -
0.6 in.) fat thickness. As percentage of
Charolais and Gelbvieh breeding increased,
feedlot performance improved. As percentage
of Charolais, Gelbvieh, and Angus increased,
carcass desirability improved. Steers started on
feed at weaning were more efficient in feed conversion
and were more profitable than those
started as yearlings. Age did not affect carcass
marbling or quality grade
Genetic parameters for growth and carcass traits from crossbreeding
Growth and carcass data from 5 years of a
long-term, rotational, crossbreeding project
were used to calculate heritabilities and genetic
and phenotypic correlations for direct and
maternal birth and weaning weight, gain on
feed, hot carcass weight, ribeye area, marbling
score, and age at slaughter. Angus, Brahman,
Hereford, Charolais, Simmental, and Gelbvieh
breeds were involved. Heritabilities of traits
ranged from low (maternal weaning weight
0.04) to moderate (direct weaning weight 0.41).
Direct birth weight, direct weaning weight, gain
on feed, and hot carcass weight had moderate to
high genetic correlations. Marbling had negative
genetic correlations with birth and weaning
weight but positive correlations with slaughter
age and hot carcass weight
Comparisons among crossbred beef cattle for growth and carcass traits
Data from 5 years of a long-term, rotational
crossbreeding project were used to
compare breeds for growth and carcass traits.
The traits of interest were direct and maternal
birth and weaning weights, gain on feed, hot
carcass weight, ribeye area, marbling score,
and slaughter age. Angus, Brahman, Hereford,
Charolais, Simmental, and Gelbvieh
breeds were involved. Simmental and
Gelbvieh were used as terminal breeds, so
maternal effects were not calculated for them.
Brahman breeding caused an increased
direct birth weight of the calves, but the maternal
influence of Brahman decreased birth
weight. No difference occurred in maternal
weaning weight among the Angus, Brahman,
Charolais, and Hereford breeds. Charolais
and Simmental breeding increased gain on
feed. Charolais, Simmental, and Gelbvieh
breeding resulted in the heaviest hot carcass
weights and largest ribeye areas. Simmental,
Charolais and Angus breeding resulted in the
most marbling. Hereford and Angus breeding
reduced age at slaughter compared to the
other breeds. All six breeds have some advantages
in the traits studied. Which breed
will work best depends on the production environment
and goals of the producer
Comparison of feedlot and carcass characteristics of Angus, Hereford, Brahman, Charolais, and Gelbvieh crossbred steers
Feedlot performance of 207 steers with
various percentages of Angus, Hereford,
Charolais, Brahman, and Gelbvieh breeding
were compared at a constant 1) days fed, 2)
adjusted carcass backfat, and 3) slaughter
weight. As the percentage of Angus, Hereford,
or Brahman increased, growth rate decreased,
whereas increasing the percentage of
Charolais increased growth rate. Increasing
the percentage of Gelbvieh increased weaning
weight but had little effect on post-weaning
gains. Increasing percentage of Charolais
increased feed conversion efficiency, whereas
the other breeds were similar, except that at a
constant slaughter weight, greater percentage
of Hereford improved feed conversion efficiency.
Increasing the percentage of Charolais
increased carcass weight and ribeye area and
decreased yield grade, but marbling was not
different from that of Angus. An increase in
percentage of Hereford caused a decrease in
carcass weight, ribeye area, marbling, and
quality grade. Increasing percentage of Angus
decreased carcass weight and ribeye area but
increased marbling and quality grade. Increasing
percentage of Brahman caused the greatest
reduction of marbling and quality grade of any
breed. Increasing the percentage Gelbvieh
breeding resulted in increased ribeye area and
decreased marbling at constant days fed and
slaughter weight
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