Analysis of maturity-related changes in organic sulfur composition of kerogens by flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography

Analysis of several sedimentary rock sequences by Pyrolysis-Gas-Chromatography has revealed that thiophene precursors are preferentially removed from kerogen during maturation

Balanço eletrolítico e níveis de proteína bruta sobre parâmetros sangüíneos e ósseos de frangos de corte aos 21 dias de idade Electrolyte balance and crude protein levels on blood and bone parameters of 21 days broiler chicks

Foi realizado um experimento com o objetivo de determinar os melhores valores de balanço eletrolítico (BE) para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias. Utilizaram-se 2.112 pintinhos da marca comercial Ross, machos, criados em boxes de galpão de alvenaria, cobertos com maravalha e alimentados com duas rações basais, uma com 20 e outra com 23% de proteína bruta (PB) à base de milho e de farelo de soja, combinadas com níveis de BE de 00; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300 e 350 mq/kg. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 8x2 (oito níveis de BE e dois níveis de PB), seis repetições e 22 aves por unidade experimental. Avaliaram-se os níveis sangüíneos de cálcio, fósforo e proteínas totais aos 21 dias de idade. As cinzas, o cálcio, o fósforo, o potássio, o sódio e o magnésio dos ossos também foram quantificados. Aos 21 dias de idade, os melhores valores estimados de BE foram 168 (20% PB) e 245 (23% PB) mEq/kg para o cálcio no sangue. O valor de BE obtido para o menor nível de proteínas totais foi de 189 (23% PB) mEq/kg. Os melhores valores de BE no sangue foram os pontos de mínimo na curva de regressão. O melhor valor de BE para o cálcio no tibiotarso foi de 132 mEq/kg (23% PB). O BE da dieta deve situar-se entre 150 e 200 mEq/kg para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade.<br>An experiment was conducted to determine the best electrolyte balance (EB) for broiler chicks from one to 21 days of age, based on blood and bone parameters. One day old chicks, male, Ross were reared on floor covered with shaving woods and fed with two corn-soybean meal based diet with 20 and 23% of crude protein (CP) combined with 0; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300 and 350 mEq/kg of EB. The experiment was analised as a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement of treatments (two CP levels and eight EB) with six replicates of 22 chicks each. It were evaluated blood levels of calcium, phosphorus and total proteins. Ash, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and magnesium in the bone were also measured at 21 days of age. The best values of EB estimated were 168 (20% CP) and 245 (23% CP) mEq/kg for blood calcium. The EB value obtained for the lowest level of blood total protein was 189 (23% CP) mEq/kg. The optimum EB obtained in the blood were the minimum points of the regression curve. The best value for calcium in the bone was 132 mEq/kg (23% CP). The dietary EB should be from 150 to 200 mEq/kg, concerning the biological responses of broiler chicks (from 1 to 21 days of age)

Does solid-state 15N NMR spectroscopy detect all soil organic nitrogen?

The original publication can be found at www.springerlink.comVirtually all of the N detected by 15N cross polarization (CP) NMR spectra of four HF-treated soil clay fractions is amide N. However, the intensity of this 15N CP NMR signal (per unit N) is 27–57% lower than detected for a wheat protein, gliadin. There are two possible explanations – either the amide N in the soil clay fractions produces proportionately less NMR signal than does the amide N in gliadin, or part of the N in the soil clay fractions produces little or no NMR signal. The cross polarization dynamics of the gliadin amide resonance and amide resonances detected for the soil clay fractions are very similar and thus should produce similar amounts of signal, ruling out the first possibility. Therefore up to half or even more of the organic N in these soil clay fractions must be in a form that is insensitive to NMR detection. For a model compound (caffeine), non-protonated heterocyclic N produced less than 20% of the signal of an equivalent amount of amide N in gliadin. Results from several 13C NMR techniques provide further evidence that much of the undetected N in the soil clay fractions may be heterocyclic.Ronald J. Smernik and Jeffrey A. Baldoc