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Not AvailableThe present study was carried out to understand the existing marketing mechanism disposal pattern of natural resins and their marketing efficiency in a agro-climatic sub zone of Central and North Eastern Plateau of India. A total of 100 stakeholders including lac cultivators belonging to small, medium and large category of households; small traders, big traders, wholesalers and processors were selected randomly and interviewed for data collection. In the study area eight channels were operating and in a little quantum, LAMPS were also initiated in the procurement of kusmi lac at Minimum Support Price (MSP) as announced by Ministry of Tribal Affairs, GOI, New Delhi. The study found that the marketing efficiency across various lac marketing channels ranged from 0.93 in Channel-I to 2.07 in Channel-V during 2012 and as a result of the consequences of policy intervention by the government it found to range from 0.98 in Channel-I to 8.77 in Channel-VIII in 2016. In lac marketing, traders faced difficulty in storage and impurity of raw materials. Processing units were uncomfortable with unavailability of raw materials on time, unavailability of skilled labour, poor power supply and volatile market price. Lack of organized lac market was also observed in the study area. Institutions and government agencies should provide information and market support services to the lac growers. Positive approach should be taken by government to promote the domestic as well as overseas demand of lac based high value products. Financial assistance may be provided by financial agencies to safeguard the growers, trader and small lac processing firms.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableICAR- Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (IINRG), Namkum, Ranchi, Jharkhand has offered One to One programme(OTOP) in a form of consultancy services to different stakeholders of lac. In this programme the farmers were in direct (one to one) interaction with the experts of Institute on different aspects of lac. The objective of this paper is to understand the Queries and expectations of different lac growers. The study was planned at TOT Division based on queries raised by the lac farmers. Queries and expectation were classified in seven different categories of lac cultivation practices like plantation raising and lac cultivation on Flemingia semialata, general lac cultivation, lac cultivation on ber trees, lac cultivation on palas trees, pest management, processing of lac and lac marketing. Queries and expectations were evaluated by the testing tool using proportions and percentage as the main statistical analysis. During 2013, the study revealed that queries and expectations of lac farmers were plantation raising and lac cultivation on Flemingia semialata (66.8%), general lac cultivation (25.4%), pest management (4.2%), lac cultivation on ber trees (1.4%), lac marketing (1.1%), processing of lac (0.7%) and lac cultivation on palas trees (0.4%) respectively and ranked as first, second, third, fourth, fifth sixth and seventh respectively. The major queries comes from the state of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka respectively and ranked as first, second, third, fourth, fifth sixth, seventh, eighth, Ninth and tenth respectively. During 2014, the study also revealed that queries and expectations of lac farmers were plantation raising and lac cultivation on Flemingia semialata (37.6%), general lac cultivation (25.0%), lac marketing (9.5%), lac cultivation on palas trees (5.7%), lac cultivation on ber trees (5.1%), Training on lac (5.1%), processing of lac (3.8%), Lac cultivation on Kusum (3.8), pest management (2.8%), handicraft (0.9%) and lac cultivation on minor host plant (0.6%) respectively and ranked as first, second, third, fourth, fifth sixth seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh respectively. The major queries comes from the state of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Karnataka, Assam and Uttar Pradesh and respectively and ranked as first, second, third, fourth, fifth sixth, seventh and eighth respectively.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableModel Training Courses” (MTCs) scheme has been implemented since 1996 by Directorate of Extension, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Its major emphasis is demand driven capacity building of extension managers, marketing managers and extension functioning of State development department. These training programme are organized on priority areas of agriculture, horticulture and allied subjects. In the similar fashion a MTC was organized at ICAR-Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (IINRG) Ranchi especially for the Extension functionaries of the Government. The investigation aimed to study the impact of model training course on lac production, processing, product development and value addition in term of knowledge level, level of satisfaction of trainees, usefulness of the topics covered and overall grading of training. The study was conducted at ICAR-IINRG Ranchi and all participants who attended Model Training Course 2014 were selected as respondents for this study. A questionnaire containing multiple choice questions on different aspect of Lac Production technology was given to the trainees before and after conduct of training. The knowledge level was obtained from the overall mean score of the respondents and based on the mean score, standard deviation was calculated. On the basis of overall mean score and standard deviation the knowledge level of the respondents were classified. Data was tabulated and analyzed. It was observed that a majority of participants were middle age group (35-45 years) and belonged to male gender. It was found that 37.05 percent, 22.22 per cent, 7.40 per cent and 33.33 per cent participants belonged to general caste, backward caste, scheduled caste and scheduled tribe respectively. Majority of the respondents i.e. 51.85 per cent were post graduate and above. It was found that 51.85 per cent belongs to small family. It was found that 44.44 per cent of the respondents had low work experience. Majority of the respondents i.e. 59.26 per cent had not participated in any training programme on lac. Majority of the respondents were having their family monthly income Rs 30,001 and above. Majority of the respondents i.e. 51.85 per cent were not aware about social participation in any organization. It is evident from the study that knowledge level of trainees had increased significantly in all aspect of lac cultivation. The result implies that the trainees were mostly satisfied with the course content as well as the manner in which training was imparted. It can be said that this model training course included nearly all the topics required by the trainees and most of the trainees felt that facilities provided during training were very good.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableBoth carotenoids and methionine independently act as antioxidant and immune-modulator. As captive pheasant's diets are deficient in these nutrients, supplementation of either of these nutrients alone or in combination could be expected to be beneficial. Hence, this experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing lutein and DL-methionine on serum antioxidant status and cellular immunity of captive golden pheasants. Twenty-four adult male golden pheasants were randomly distributed into four groups of six each in an experiment based on 2×2 factorial designs. Basal diet contained no supplementary lutein or DL-methionine (M0C0). The diets of the birds in group M0C1 were supplemented with lutein (40 mg/kg DM) without supplementary DL methionine, whereas, those in group M1C0 were supplemented only with DL-methionine (1.5 g/kg DM). Birds in group M1C1 were fed both the supplements. Supplementation of lutein, but not DL methionine resulted in increased (P<0.01) serum concentration of total carotenoids, total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase, along with reduced (P<0.01) concentration of malondialdehyde. Supplementation of both lutein and DL-methionine increased (P<0.01) serum concentration of reduced glutathione; however, the best response was observed when both the supplements were fed together. Supplementation of lutein increased the foot web index which is suggestive of improved cellular immunity. It is concluded that feeding of supplementary lutein at 40 mg/kg DM would improve the antioxidant status and cellular immune response of captive golden pheasants.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableCumin seeds were collected from agro-ecological sub-regions comprising of major cumin growing areasof Rajasthan and Gujarat state, India, to analyze chemical composition of essential oil. The study areawas located between the geographical co-ordinates 21◦78 32 N, 71◦33 85 E to 26◦21 28 N, 74◦37 61 E. Maximum and minimum EO yield (35.9–28.4%) were obtained in cumin from AESR 2.4 and 5.1 respec-tively. GC–MS analysis of EO indicated the preponderance of terpenic hydrocarbons in the AESR 2.4(53.85%) and decrease in AESR 2.1 (32.62%) while cuminaldehyde content was more (39.90%) in AESR4.2 and less (25.84%) in 2.4. The prominent terpenic compounds included -terpinene, -pinene, san-tolina triene, -terpinene, -pinene and -thujene, the concentration of these compounds varied withAESRs. Cumic alcohol (10.33–14.40%), anethol & estragol (4.03–9.15%) were the major alcohols with cymol(2.9–4.26%) and geraniol (0.02–2.39%) in traces. Total phenolic content in the various AESRs ranged from41.50 (AESR 5.1) to 58.61 mg GAEg−1seeds (AESR 2.3) while the flavonoid content in the AESRs rangedbetween 27.14–36.03 mg QE g−1seeds, being least in 4.2 and highest in 5.1. The study revealed thatthe average radical scavenging percentage of methanol seed extract does not vary with the differentAESRs (94.98–99.05%), as well as EC50value is also same (15.31–15.38 mg BHTE) for samples from dif-ferent AESRs. Cumin from the AESRs with favorable minimum and maximum temperature and rainfallshowed high cuminaldehyde bearing pleasant aroma whereas the AESRs with biotic/abiotic stressesshowed higher terpenic compounds with increased pungency.Not Availabl

Curr Diabetes Rev

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes represents an increasing health burden world-wide and its prevalence in particularly higher in elderly population. Consistent epidemiological evidence suggests an increased risk of dementia associated to type 2 diabetes; the mechanisms underlying these associations, however, remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to review epidemiological, clinical and pre-clinical data that weigh on pathophysiological links, mechanisms of disease and associations between type 2 diabetes and dementia to identify areas of opportunity for future research. METHODS: We searched the following electronic bibliographic databases: PUBMED, EMBASE, SCIELO, MEDLINE and OVID for clinical, translational and epidemiological research literature that summarize diabetes-related risk factors for dementia, metabolic and neurological changes associated to T2D, evidence of therapeutic approaches in type 2 diabetes and its pathophysiological implications for dementia. RESULTS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases risk for all-cause dementia, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The most evaluated mechanisms linking both disorders in pre-clinical studies include an increase in neuronal insulin resistance, impaired insulin signaling, pro-inflammatory state, mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular damage which increase deposition of beta-amyloid, tau proteins and GSK3beta, leading to an earlier onset of dementia in individuals with impairment in the glucose metabolism. Neuroimaging and neuropathology evidence linking cerebrovascular lesions, neurodegeneration and particularly small-vessel disease in the onset of dementia is consistent with the increased risk of incident dementia in type 2 diabetes, but consistent evidence of AD-related pathology is scarce. Epidemiological data shows increased risk of dementia related to hypoglycemic episodes, glycemic control, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and genetic predisposition, but the evidence is not consistent and statistical analysis might be affected by inconsistent covariate controlling. Therapeutic approaches for T2D have shown inconsistent result in relation to dementia prevention and delay of cognitive decline; lifestyle intervention, particularly physical activity, is a promising alternative to ameliorate the impact of disability and frailty on T2D-related dementia. CONCLUSION: Vascular disease, inflammation and impaired brain insulin signaling might occur in T2D and contribute to dementia risk. Evidence from epidemiological studies has not consistently reported associations that could integrate a unified mechanism of disease in humans. Evaluation of the effect of antidiabetic medications and non-pharmacological interventions in dementia prevention in type 2 diabetes is promising but has thus far offered inconsistent results