A model approach to groundwater quality of Anekal Taluk, Bangalore Urban district

Application of linear regression anal. is very much significant to construct the predictive model using the present groundwater quality data from which, helps to predict the futuristic quality of groundwater of particular area. Here, 1026 groundwater samples of 272 villages were collected and analyzed for 14 parameters for physico-​chem. and biol. quality of groundwater. Karl-​Pearson Correlation coeffs., r, were used and attempts were made to develop the linear regression equations (y = Ax + B) for significantly correlated parameters. The results of the linear model emphasizes a pos. and significant correlation among the water quality parameters

A comparative study on usage of Durov and Piper diagrams to interpret hydrochemical processes in groundwater from SRLIS river basin, Karnataka, India

In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate and identify hydrogeochem. of water and the involved chem. processes using Durov and Piper diagrams. The prominent hydrochem. facies was Ca2+-​Mg2+-​Cl-​-​SO42-​ in both methods although slight variation in terms of Ca2+-​Mg2+-​HCO3-​ was also obsd. in few water samples. Piper diagrams indicated the dominance of mixed water type (70.84​%) having no one cation-​anion pair exceeds 50​%, while Durov specified the dominance of simple dissoln. or mixing (83.34 %) with no dominant major anion or cation. Thus, both the diagrams signify nonidentification of the water types with neither anions dominant nor cations dominant. Piper diagram, Durov plot and chloroalkaline indexes indicated the dominance of alk. earth elements were over alkalies in majority of samples due to direct exchange of Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the Aquifer matrix with Na+ and K+ from the groundwater. Further, SAR (0.41>SAR %Na WQI < 112.99) values recommended the suitability of 100, 91.67 and 62.5​% of samples for domestic and irrigation purposes

Air Quality Indices to Understand the Ambient Air Quality in Vicinity of Dam Sites of Different Irrigation Projects in Karnataka State, India

Ambient air quality monitoring was carried out in the vicinity of dam and nearby residential sites in four river basins in Karnataka with reference to SPM, RSPM, SO2 and NOx, employing Envirotech APM-460 Respirable Dust Sampler with provision to keep impingers having absorbing reagent. Further, three different methods of Air quality index (AQI) calculation on based on SPM and RSPM values were used to evaluate the prevailed ambient air quality in the near and surroundings areas at the time of dam constructional activities. The concentrations of SPM, RSPM, SO2 and NOx near the dam sites were respectively 540, 170, 5.8 and 17.9 .g/m3 in Varahi river basin; 440, 158, 3.8 and 11.4 .g/m3 in SLIS river basin and, 255.55, 83.3, 2.0 and 1.7.g/m3 in SRLIS river basin. The SPM, RSPM and SO2 concentrations was 340, 70 and 0.3 .g/m3 in the vicinity of dam site of Bellary nala river basin while NOx concentration was below the detectable limit. AQI calculations revealed that the dam sites in all four river basins were high to severely pollute compared to other monitored stations, owing to its construction activitie

Suitability Assessment of Deep Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation Use in the Parts of Hoskote and Malur Taluks, Karnataka (India)

Groundwater samples from thirty four bore wells used for drinking and irrigation in parts of Hoskote and Malur taluks, Karnataka State (India), were collected and geochemically analysed during December 2014. The hydrochemical characteristics was dominated by Ca2+-Mg2+ -Cl--SO42- (58.82%) and Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- (38.24%), with alkaline earth (Ca+Mg) exceeding alkalies (Na+K) and strong acidic anions dominating weak acidic anions. Weathering of rock-forming minerals regulated chemistry of the groundwater in the study area as indicated by Gibbs plot. The groundwater chemistry in the study area is influenced by silicate dissolution of host rock with contribution from weathering of carbonate rocks while positive CAI values indicated exchange of Na and K from the water with Mg and Ca of the rocks in the study area. The Ca2+/Mg2+ molar ratio plot further supported the fact that dissolution of calcite with effect of silicate minerals contributes calcium and magnesium to 97.06% of the groundwater. SAR, percent sodium, WQI and permeability index values demonstrated the suitability of a majority of the samples for irrigation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.71.1.9809</p

Study of seasonal and spatial variation in surface water quality of Cauvery river stretch in Karnataka

In this study, multivariate statistical techniques, such as discriminant, factor /principal component and cluster analyses were applied to water quality data set monitored in pre- and post- monsoon for twenty five locations during three years to investigate seasonal and spatial variations in river water quality. The variables were mainly divided into two categories viz., non-conservative – DO, BOD, COD, nitrates and phosphates and conservative parameters – TDS, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and sulfates. Trivial elevated values of all non conservative Characteristics in pre-monsoon and some conservative parameters (SO4, Cl) in post-monsoon period reflected contribution on temporal effect on surface water. Results of principal component analysis evinced that all the parameters equally and significantly contribute to water quality variations in the river basin for both the seasons. Factor 1 and factor 2 analysis revealed the inverse relation of DO, indicating the control of dissolved oxygen on organic load and nutrients in different seasons. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped twenty five stations into three clusters in pre-monsoon and six clusters in post- monsoon with similar water quality features. Third clustered group of former and sixth of latter consisted one station (St.25), exhibiting significant spatial variation in physico-chemical composition

Study of Seasonal and Spatial Variation in Surface Water Quality of Cauvery River Stretch in Karnataka

In this study, multivariate statistical techniques, such as discriminant, factor /principal component and cluster analyses were applied to water quality data set monitored in pre- and post- monsoon for twenty five locations during three years to investigate seasonal and spatial variations in river water quality. The variables were mainly divided into two categories viz., nonconservative – DO, BOD, COD, nitrates and phosphates and conservative parameters – TDS, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and sulfates. Trivial elevated values of all non conservative Characteristics in pre-monsoon and some conservative parameters (SO4, Cl) in post-monsoon period reflected contribution on temporal effect on surface water. Results of principal component analysis evinced that all the parameters equally and significantly contribute to water quality variations in the river basin for both the seasons. Factor 1 and factor 2 analysis revealed the inverse relation of DO, indicating the control of dissolved oxygen on organic load and nutrients in different seasons. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped twenty five stations into three clusters in pre-monsoon and six clusters in post- monsoon with similar water quality features. Third clustered group of former and sixth of latter consisted one station (St.25), exhibiting significant spatial variation in physico-chemical composition

Spatio-Temporal Variation of Heavy Metals in Cauvery River Basin

the present study water, sediment and soil samples of Cauvery basin was undertaken to evaluate the spatio-temporal variations in heavy metal concentrations between 2007 and 2009. The Line diagrams for individual heavy metals of the seasonal samples with standard deviation at p=0.05 were plotted to comprehend the seasonal and spatial fluxes and variations. The seasonal heavy metal concentration in river water was maximum for Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co and Cd during pre-monsoon and Pb, Ni and Cr during post-monsoon season whereas, in the sediment samples higher concentration of Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu, Co and Cd was found during pre-monsoon and Fe Pb and Zn in post-monsoon. In the case of soil samples maximum concentrations of Fe, Pb, Zn, Cr and Co noticed during pre-monsoon, while Ni, Mn, Cu and Cd during post-monsoon. An exponential increasing trend from water to soil and to sediment was evident throughout the river stretch. The mean concentration for all the heavy metals in water was within the limits of BIS and WHO standards. In sediment samples heavy metal concentrations were below the limit of sediment quality guidelines except Ni and Cd. Correlation analysis revealed higher degree of inter-metallic and intra-metallic association among water, sediment and soil samples indicating identical behavior of metals during its transport into the river environment. The spatial trends of heavy metal enrichment in river sediments reflected the sources/activities of the corresponding catchments in the study area. As such the downstream stations of Cauvery are enriched with heavy metals due to the influx of pollutants

City Data Fusion: Sensor Data Fusion in the Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) has gained substantial attention recently and play a significant role in smart city application deployments. A number of such smart city applications depend on sensor fusion capabilities in the cloud from diverse data sources. We introduce the concept of IoT and present in detail ten different parameters that govern our sensor data fusion evaluation framework. We then evaluate the current state-of-the art in sensor data fusion against our sensor data fusion framework. Our main goal is to examine and survey different sensor data fusion research efforts based on our evaluation framework. The major open research issues related to sensor data fusion are also presented.Comment: Accepted to be published in International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies (IJDST), 201

Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Investigation on the River Cauvery of Kollegal Stretch in Karnataka

Cauvery River is the major river system of south India was studied for 19 prime physicochemical and 2 bacteriological parameters at six locations of the Kollegal stretch, for a period of Two years (2006–2008) at monthly intervals. Over the years of time, river has been subjected to human interference regularly and water quality was to be getting deteriorated profoundly. Major anthropogenic activities practiced in and around the stretch: agriculture, abstraction of water for irrigation and drinking, washing cloths and utensils, discharging of sewage waste, sand dredging, boating, fishing, open defecation and religious ritual activities along the stretch were generating serious threat to the biota of the river by altering the physicochemical and biological concentration of the river system. The seasonal and yearly trends were discussed to comprehend anthropogenic interferences on the river stretch. Correlation analysis was also been tried in between physico-chemical parameters. The pH, Conductance, Alkalinity and Hardness levels indicate the moderate quality of water. The values of DO, BOD and COD levels indicate the absence of major organic pollution sources. Seasonal and yearly averages of plant nutrients like phosphate, nitrates, potassium and also sulphates at drain out falls and mixing zones, were not showing any significant variation in their concentration indicate no sign of problems like eutrophication, which is generally raise due to agricultural and sewage wastes. The other possibility is that since there are no major industries in the project area, the major source of organic pollutants is only the domestic source. Population density spread over sparsely located villages like Dasanapura and Harle certainly contributes towards total and fecal coliforms as excreta of the villagers due to lack of toilets in their houses. Thus present study concludes that river water was not polluted; all results are within permissible limit when compared with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and National River water quality standards. DOI: 10.3126/kuset.v6i1.3310 Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.6(1) 2010, pp50-5

Influence of Aluminium on Performance of HTPB-based Aluminised PBXs

The paper describes the development of aluminised plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs) based on aluminium and nitramine explosives using hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene as polymer matrix. The PBXs were processed as per standard procedures. Compositions with different formulations were prepared by varying the percentages of aluminium and RDX and their explosive properties, including velocity of detonation (VOD), peak overpressure, duration, impulse and sensitivity to different types of stimuli, were studied. The experimental and theoretical values of the VOD have been compared. It is observed that about 15 per cent aluminium content in the aluminised PBXs shows the optimum VOD