Intergeneric catla - rohu hybrids: F2 generation

Intergeneric catla-rohu hybrids were bred through hypophysation and about 5.25 lakh spawn of F2 generations were produced. The rate of survival from fertilized eggs to spawn ranged from 62.5 to 96.4% at 26-30 degree C

''Eco-friendly extraction using solids'' - A novel application of mixed solvency concept

As per the mixed solvency concept (proposed by Dr.  R.K.  Maheshwari), each and every substance present on the earth has got solubilizing property i.e. all the liquids, gases and solids possess solubilizing power. In the mixed solvency concept, each substance is a solubilizer. We know that all the liquids (matter in liquid state at room temperature) are known as solvents. No solvent is universal solvent. We can say that all the solvents are good solvents for some solutes and bad solvents for other solutes. Similarly, all gases and solids have good solubilizing power for some solutes and bad solubilizing power for other solutes. Organic solvents have innumerous adverse effects. Such organic solvents should be replaced by other eco-friendly alternative sources. The main objective of this research work is to provide a novel idea to the researchers that solids can also be employed for extraction of active constituents from powders of roots, leaves, seeds, fruits, bark of plants etc. In the present investigation, sesame oil has been extracted  from powdered seeds of sesame using solubilizing powers of two solids, thymol and menthol using different methods. Melted thymol (temperature about 50°C), melted menthol (temperature  about  45°C) were observed to have very good solubility for sesame oil. Therefore, they were used for extraction of sesame oil. Ethanol was found to be bad solvent for sesame oil. Thymol and menthol improved the solubility of sesame oil in ethanol and helped in extraction. Thymol and menthol are easily removed at  about 80°C. Organic solvents are removed from extracts by suitable methods like heating, vacuum distillation etc. These solids (menthol and thymol) are also removable. Also, they can be recollected using suitable methods for recycling purposes. Keywords:  Extraction, mixed solvency concept, sesame oil, menthol, thymol, eutectic liquid, solubilize

Formulation and evaluation fast dissolving tablets of lovastatin using solid dispersion method

The research worked based using solid dispersion method though poorly soluble drugs lovastatin formulating it as solid dispersions subsequent preparation of fast dissolving tablets with the prepared solid dispersions using different concentrations of super disintegrates and comparing them with that of the marketed product. Lovastatin is a HMG CoA reductase inhibitor used in the treatment of hyperlipidemias and prevention of ischemic heart disease. It is practically insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol and soluble in acetone. In the present investigation lovastatin and solid dispersion were prepared by physical mixing, fusion, solvent evaporation and lyophilizafion methods using polyethylene glycol-6000 as an inert amphiphilc carrier. The prepared solid dispersions were evaluated for pre compressional parameters such as angle of repose, Carr’s index, particle size and drug content. Keywords: solid dispersion, poorly soluble drugs, super disintegrates

Spectrophotometric analysis of tablets of nalidixic acid using melted niacinamide as solvent

In the current attempt of research, novel method for spectrophotometric estimation of nalidixic acid in tablets using melted niacinamide as solvent was developed. The main objective behind research is to show “SOLIDS ALSO POSSESS SOLUBILIZING POWER”. The current study deals with novel spectrophotometric analytical technique for quantitative estimation of nalidixic acid in tablets using melted niacinamide as solvent. According to the theory proposed by Maheshwari, each & every substance possesses solubilising power; substance may be a gas, solid or liquid. Niacinamide imbibes large solubilizing power to nalidixic acid and having approximate solubility more than 80 mg per gm of melted niacinamide (135°C) whereas aqueous solubility of nalidixic acid is 0.21mg/ml at room temperature. Calibration curve of nalidixic acid was plotted by recording the absorbances of standard solutions of drug. The absorbances were observed at 330 nm against respective reagent blanks. The percentage label claims were found very close to 100 (100.93± 1.303 and 99.08±1.764) indicating accuracy of the proposed method. Percentage recoveries estimated by the proposed method are close to 100 (99.91±1.303 and 101.74±1.663) with significant low values of percentage deviation and standard error. Thus, it may be concluded that proposed method is simple, safe and precise and excludes use of toxic organic solvents. Keywords: Mixed Solvency, Solubilizing Power, Spectrophotometric Analysis, Niacinamide, Nalidixic Acid

Novel Application of Mixed Solvency Concept to Develop and Formulate Dry Powder Injection for Reconstitution of a Poorly Water Soluble Drug, Amlodipine Besylate and their Evaluations

In the recent generation of pharmaceutical research, it has been observed that many newly designed and discovered drug products have less water solubility. Thus, leading to difficulties in several developmental, manufacturing and administrative processes. Furthermore, the clinical trials of these drugs have witnessed a great failure due to their poor pharmacokinetics. The lineup of our research work was promotion of mixed solvency concept by formulating the dry powder injection for reconstitution of poorly water-soluble drug amlodipine besylate by decreasing the solubilisers concentration in small proportion for expected synergistic enhancement of drug solubility in water. Solubilisers used are sodium benzoate, sodium caprylate, PVPK-25, sodium citrate, niacinamide, poloxamer 407, sodium acetate, L-arginine, benzoic acid, β-cyclodextrin and lysine hydrochloride to developed the dry powder injection for reconstitution of amlodipine besylate. The reconstitution time of amlodipine besylate injections were found 58 sec, 36 sec and 1 min 10 sec in selected blends. This drug is slightly soluble in water, and it comes in various forms, including tablets and other oral dosage forms. However, no amlodipine besylate dry powder injection or ready-made injections are currently available in the market. Dry powder injection for reconstitution of amlodipine besylate was formulated successfully and mixed solvency concept has been successfully employed. Keywords: Mixed solvency concept, Amlodipine besylate, Dry powder injection for reconstitution, Solubilisers, Solubility

A technique of staged lateral release to correct patellar tracking in total knee arthroplasty

Optimal patellar tracking and component alignment are important in achieving a well-functioning total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The patella is constrained partly by design of the prosthetic trochlear groove, and patellar tracking is governed by a combination of static and dynamic factors. Maltracking may result from excessive or unbalanced tension in the surrounding soft tissues. This article describes a staged progressive lateral release of the patellar retinaculum in TKA, which is classified into 6 stages. Stage 1 transects the deep lateral patellofemoral ligament; stages 2 to 6 extend the lateral patellar incision distally from vastus lateralis to the tibial tubercle. This technique was used in a series of 96 primary TKAs. We report the rates of the various stages of lateral release and the variables that might affect the decision to perform such a release

Co-infection by Semliki forest virus and malarial parasite modulates viral multiplication, pathogenesis and cytokines in mice

Environmental, technological and societal factors continue to have a dramatic effect on infectious diseases worldwide and are considered to be facilitating the emergence of several infectious diseases at a time. Co-infection with different species of viral and malaria infections are currently emerging problems of dual infection in the developing as well as developed countries. Understanding of interactions between the host, malaria and virus infection is of current concern and we have initiated studies to delineate the mechanisms involved during the progression of Semliki forest virus (SFV) and Plasmodium yoelii (P. yoelii) infection in mice. Enhanced virus multiplication and up-regulation of cytokine mRNA level in P. yoelii and SFV co-infected mice were observed on day 4 post-infection compared to respective controls. Collectively, our observations indicate that malaria infection may influence virus multiplication, pathogenesis and up-regulation of cytokine mRNA during co-infection in mice

Co-infection by Semliki forest virus and malarial parasite modulates viral multiplication, pathogenesis and cytokines in mice

Environmental, technological and societal factors continue to have a dramatic effect on infectious diseases worldwide and are considered to be facilitating the emergence of several infectious diseases at a time. Co-infection with different species of viral and malaria infections are currently emerging problems of dual infection in the developing as well as developed countries. Understanding of interactions between the host, malaria and virus infection is of current concern and we have initiated studies to delineate the mechanisms involved during the progression of Semliki forest virus (SFV) and Plasmodium yoelii (P. yoelii) infection in mice. Enhanced virus multiplication and up-regulation of cytokine mRNA level in P. yoelii and SFV co-infected mice were observed on day 4 post-infection compared to respective controls. Collectively, our observations indicate that malaria infection may influence virus multiplication, pathogenesis and up-regulation of cytokine mRNA during co-infection in mice